LOUISIANA AT LOUISIANA 
PURCHASE EXPOSITION 



AT SAINT LOUIS 
MISSOURI, 1904 



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PURCHASE EXPOSITION 



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MISSOURI, 1904 



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LOUISIANA AT LOUISIANA 
PURCHASE EXPOSITION 



REPORT OF THE LOUISIANA 
BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS 
TO THE LOUISIANA PUR- 
CHASE EXPOSITION 



HELD AT 



SAINT LOUIS, MISSOURI, 1904 



AMERICAN PRINTING CO., LTD.. 
NEW ORLEANS 






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r'b 




WILLIAM WRIGHT HEARD. 

Governor of Louisiana, 1900-1904. 




NEWTON CRANl: BLANCHARl), 

(jovernor of Louisiana 1004-1^08. 



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LOUISIANA BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS TO THE LOUISIANA 
PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 



To His Excellency Nczv^ton Crane Bhmchard, Governor of 
Louisiana, Chairman of Board. 

The Board of Commissioners of the Louisiana 
Purchase Exposition has the honor of submitting 
herewith a report of its operations. 

Chas. Schuler, Keachie, La. 
J. G. Lee, Calhoun, La. 
H. L. GUEYDAN, Gueydan, La. 
J. B. Levert, New Orleans, La. 




GO% E»^CJi^ D- ft- FftA^.Ci:^ 
Piesiiienr LnoesBaffis Pnrzftase ExirasolDnB- 



Louisiana Commission to Louisiana Pur- 
chase Exposition appointed by Gov- 
ernor W. W. Heard, January, 
1903. 

Governor W. W. Heard, Ex-officio Chairman. 
Col, Chas. Schuler, De Soto Parish. 
Judge Emile Rost, St. Charles Parish. 
Hon. Henry L. Gueydan, Vermihoii Parish. 
Major J. G. Lee, East Baton Rouge, La. 



On January, 1903, this commission elected Dr. Wm. C. 
Stubbs as State Commissioner and Robert Glenk Assistant to 
Commissioner, and J. G. Lee Secretary, and Charles K. Fuqua 
Assistant Secretary. 



In April, 1904, on account of ill-health. Judge Emile Rost 
resigned and General J. B. Levert, of New Orleans, was ap- 
pointed in his place. In May, 1904, Governor N. C. Blanchard 
succeeded Governor W. W. Heard. As thus amended, the 
commission has served throughout the Exposition. 

• Governor N. C. Blanchard, Baton Rouge. 

CoL. Chas. Schuler, Keachie. 

Hon. LIenry L. Gueydan, Gueydan. 

Major J. G. Lee, Baton Rouge. 

General J. B. Levert, New Orleans. 

Dr. Wm. C. Stubbs, State Comm. New Orleans. 

RoBT. Glenk, Asst Comm., New Orleans. 

Major J. G. Lee. Secretary, Baton Rouge. 

Chas. K. h\i()u.\, .\sst. Sec'y, Baton R(nigc. 



Origin of the Louisiana Purchase 
Exposition, 1904^. 

This exposition so far excelled in every way all previous 
international shows, that it is meet and just to give proper 
recognition to the great minds that first conceived the ideas 
and plans, and the master heads and hands that ultimately gave 
tangible shape and form to these vast conceptions. 

On January nth, 1898, the Missouri Historical Society first 
agitated the propriety of celebrating in appropriate style the 
centennial of the Louisiana Purchase, and appointed two com- 
mittees — one advisory and the other special — to further agitate 
and develop a general interest in the proposed enterprise. On 
April 26th, 1898, by request of this same Historical Society, 
a conference committee of Business Men's League was ap- 
pointed. Again this Society, on May 17th, 1898, made a gen- 
eral call upon the social and business organizations of St. 
Louis, which resulted in naming a committee on June 30th, 
with that distinguished citizen, Pierre Chouteau, fifth in de- 
scent and name from the Louisianian who settled St. Louis, as 
chairman, for the purpose of nominating a committee of fifty 
on preliminary organization. 

On July 1 2th, 1898, this large committee, consisting of the 
best men of St. Louis, was honored with Marshal S. Snow as 
chairman. At the same time a committee on design and form 
of celebration was appointed. 

With these agencies at work locally, it was but a short while 
before not only St. Louis, but all of Missouri, became inspired 
with the importance of the enterprise and the befitting magni- 
tude and grandeur of such a national event as the Louisiana 
Transfer. This enthusiasm touched the Governor of this great 
State, and he called at once a convention of delegates from 
those States and Territories carx'cd out of the Louisiana Pur- 
chase, to meet in St. Louis 0:1 January 10th, 1899. Louisiana 
wasrepresented m this convention l)v the following prominoni 



12 LOUISL\XA AT THE LOUISL\XA PURCHASE EXPOSITIOX. 

Citizens : J. F. Denechaud. J. V. Calhoun. John M. Henshaw. 
George W. Fl\Tin. A. R. Wilson. John Fitzpatrick. Eugene 
McGi\Tiey. \V. C. Che\-is and I. D. Moore. 

This convention applauded and seconded the efltorts of St. 
Louis and Missouri, and soon the subject became of national 
interest. In Januari. 1899. a committee was appointed to 
select a committee of two hundred, which should at once raise 
locally the necessar\- funds to start the enterp r-^t 7: :? com- 
mittee of two hundred was named on Fd)niar_% loia. 1899. 
with Pierre Chouteau as chairman, and in a short while there- 
after had so thoroughly performed its work that a permanent 
organization was effected, and the "Louisiana Purchase Expo- 
sition Company" was duly incorporated on April 24th. 1901, 
with that iUustrious citizen. indefatigaWe worker and pohshed 
gentler: :i:: H :n. David R. Francis, as its president. 

The T :^ of St. Louis subscribed one miUion of dollars, 

and thr :: ted a municipal donation of five millions, and the 
State of Missouri appropriated one million more towards the 
enterprise. Congress, in June. 1900, gave five milfions out- 
'ir' :. and in 1902 an additional appropriation of one million 
: :::r hundred and eighty-eight thousand dollars for federal 
buildings and exhibits. In 1903 Congress voted a sum of four 
miUions six hundred thousand dollars as a loan to the Exp«> 
sition. which was promptly repaid in 1904 from the gate re- 
ceipts and other fees. 

This grand exposition, starting in the fertile brains of a few 
individuals, became ultimately a world's show, spending over 
fifty miUions in its equipment and furnishing a display which 
will stand without a rival for many years to come. It covered 
T.240 acres of grounds with actually over two hundred acres 
under buildings. The rest of the grounds were covered with 
gardens, parks, landscapes, cascades and lagoons, with here 
and there sculpture, statuary and monuments, all lending 
beauty and grace to the surroundings. Within the buildings 
were the products of nations, the achievements of science 
and the accompfishments of art. Processes were shown with 
products and motion and actiWty was ever>-iAhere exhilMted. 





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^h€ inception and development 

cf the movement to comftieiiioraffe 
Jhc <pefiteiinial ^Bn«ver»ary of Mk 

f oiilsiGnapurcliase. 



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— X)anuary ll'i. 1898. 



Confcrtnee ComniiHcc of 'Bii: 



April 265. I89S. 



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LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 1 3 

Foreign nations had twenty-one buildings, while forty-four 
States and Territories were represented by handsome State 
structures. These, added to the numerous exposition palaces, 
the various restaurants, the city buildings, to say nothing of 
the magnificent Pike, and sundry and divers stables, barns, 
mining camps, etc., made up the grand exposition, which to see 
properly required a longer time than was allotted the average 
visitor, even though every available hour was spent in diligent 
inspection. President Francis, in his opening address, made a 
strong assertion, which was subsequently verified by every ob- 
servant visitor, ''That if the entire civilization of the w^orld 
should be destroyed outside of the exposition, there was 
enough within these grounds to fully restore the same." 

Plate I will give "The inception and development of the 
movement to commemorate the centennial anniversary of the 
Louisiana Purchase," kindly furnished by Hon. Pierre 
Chouteau, of St. Louis. 



14 LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

Historical Sketch of Louisiana Purchase. 

Louisiana of the seventeenth century was an indefinite do- 
main, extending from tiie AUeghanies to the Rocky ]^Iountains 
and from the Rio Grande and the Gulf to the regions now 
known as British America. 

A portion of this territory was visited hv De Soto and his 
followers in 1541. Father ]\Iarquette and his Canadians in 
1673 explored the ^Mississippi River from Illinois to the 
mouth of the Arkansas. In 1682 Robert Cavalier de la Salle 
descended the river to its mouth and took possession of the en- 
tire country in the name of Louis XR'. and for him named this 
vast territory "Louisiana." He erected near the Gulf coast 
a large cross, which bore the name "Louisiana." a possession 
of Louis XR' of France. La Salle, upon his return to France, 
organized an expedition for establishing a colony, but the 
ships failed to reach the mouth of the ^lississippi. and the 
colony landed in Texas. 

In 1699. Iberville with a company settled at Biloxi. ]^Iiss., 
and remained there until 1702. when he removed to Mobile, 
Alabama, where headquarters of Louisiana remained until 
1 718. In that year a previous commercial grant given to 
Crozat having been surrendered as worthless, another was 
granted by the Parliament of Paris to The \\'estern or ^lis- 
sissippi Company, with exclusive commercial privileges 
throughout Louisiana for twenty-live years. This company 
entered at once upon its new domains, and had Bienville ap- 
pointed Governor of Louisiana for the second time. In this 
same year Bienville moved the seat of government from ^lobile 
to the banks of the ^lississippi and founded the present city of 
X'ew Orleans. 

In 1763, b}- a secret treaty. Louisiana was transferred from 
France to Spain, and this cession included "all that portion of 
Louisiana west of the ^Mississippi, together with the city of 
X'ew Orleans and the island on which it stands." 

In the treaty of 1764 the boundary between the English and 
French possessions in North America was fixed by a line down 



LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 1 5 

the middle of the Mississippi River from its source to the River 
Iberville (Bayou Manchac), and from there by a line in the 
middle of that stream and Lakes Maurepas and Ponchartrain 
to the Gulf. 

The French inhabitants of Louisiana resisted the transfer 
to Spain, and in 1766 ordered away the Spanish Governor, An- 
tonio de Ulloa. In 1769 Alexander O'Reilly, with a large 
force, arrived in New Orleans, and reduced the province to 
submission. This was the first attempt at popular government 
in the Louisiana. Purchase, and Villere and his colleagues wxre 
quickly disposed of by the Spanish Governor. 

Baron de Carondelet made marked improvements from 
1 792- 1 797. 

During these developments in Louisiana, the country w^est of 
the Alleghanies was fast filling up with steady and progressive 
farmers, and the Ohio and Tennessee rivers were the natural 
outlets for their products. Hence a large and growing trade 
developed between this section and New Orleans. It became a 
vital question to the settlers of the west for a free commercial 
outlet through the Mississippi to the Gulf. Spanish officials 
at New Orleans imposed restrictions upon this trade, which 
created a profound sensation throughout the west and threat- 
ened the integrity of the Union. Mr. Jefferson, who was pres- 
ident of the United States in 1803, realized the gravity of the 
situation and the necessity of controlling the mouth of the 
Misssisippi, if the great and growing west was to remain a 
part of the Union. 

At this time a secret retrocession of Louisiana from Spain 
to France became known to Mr. Jefferson, who was further 
fully informed of the international struggle about to be en- 
tered into between England and France, and who was also 
conscious of England's hostility to a further western expan- 
sion of the United States. He at once seized this favorable 
opportunity to accomplish his purposes. Napoleon needed 
money for the wars he was planning. He was exceedingly de- 
sirous of crii)i)ling the power of England by strengthening her 
rival. 



1 6 LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIAXA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

Accordingl}^ Mr. Livingston, the American minister to 
France, was instructed to open negotiations with Marbois, 
Napoleon's minister of finance, for the purchase of so much 
territory as would control the mouth of the ^Mississippi. Mr. 
Monroe, subsequently President of the United States, was sent 
as a special ambassador to aid Mr. Livingston. Xapoleon 
met the negotiations with a counter proposition to sell the 
whole of Louisiana. Accordingly, on April 30th, 1803, a 
treaty was consummated (a fac-simile copy of which was dis- 
played in the Cabildo at St. Louis), by which the great terri- 
tory of Louisiana was ceded to the United States for about fif- 
teen millions of dollars. 

The secret treaty retroceding Louisiana to France was made 
in 1800, but the actual transfer from Spain to France did not 
occur until after the sale to the United States. Spanish officials 
at New Orleans imposed the objectionable restrictions upon 
commerce which created the outburst of popular indignation, 
which prompted Mr. Jefferson to enter upon the negotiations 
for the purchase of the territory. While the treaty was signed 
April 30th, 1803, the actual transfer took place December 20th, 
1803. 

This centennial of the actual transfer was celebrated in the 
same building (Cabildo) in the city of New Orleans by tiie 
Louisiana Historical Society, with great pomp and ceremony, 
on December 19th, 1903. 

It was to celebrate the transfer of this princely domain, one 
hundred years after, that the great Louisiana Purchase Expo- 
sition was established. Out of this purchase fourteen States 
and Territories were carved, whose population in 1903 num- 
bered nearly thirty millions, and whose wealth sums up 
into billions of dollars. Nearly every State and Territory in 
the Union and every civilized country on the globe participated 
in this grand display and the world looked on with amazement 
at the magnitude, the elegance, the scope, yea. the grandeur 
upon which this exposition was planned, executed and success- 
fullv conducted even to the verv end. 



LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. I7 



Louisiana's Part in the Louisiana 
Purchase Exposition. 

The Legislature of 1902 passed the foUowing Act : 

Act 81. — To provide for an exhibition of Louisiana's re- 
sources at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, making appro- 
priation therefor and creating a Board of Commissioners to 
carry out the purposes of this Act. 

Section i. — Be it enacted, That a Board of Commissioners 
to be known as The Board of Commissioners to the Louisiana 
Purchase Exposition, be and the same is hereby created, con- 
sisting of the Governor, who shall be ex-officio president there- 
of, and four other members, w^ho shall be appointed by the 
Governor and hold office during his pleasure. 

Section 2. — Be it enacted. That the duties of said Board of 
Commissioners shall be to provide a suitable display of Louisi- 
ana's progress and resources of the State at the Louisiana 
Purchase Exposition to be held at St. Louis, in 1904, and said 
Board be and is hereby vested with full power and authority 
to do any and all things they may deem necessary and proper to 
carry out and accomplish the ends and purposes for which it is 
created. 

Section 3. — Be it enacted. That the members of said Board 
shall serve without salary except that they shall be allowed 
and paid out of the money herein appropriated, the actual 
and necessary expenses incurred by them in the discharge of 
their duties. 

Section 4. — Be it enacted, That the Board of Commissioners 
shall appoint a State Commissioner, who shall perform such 
duties in reference to the exhibit as the Board may prescribe. 
He shall receive an annual salary for such amount and for such 
length of time as may be determined by the Board, and in ad- 
dition thereto he shall be paid the actual and necessary ex- 
penses incurred by him in the discharge of his duties. The 
Board is further authorized to employ sudi assistants, experts, 
artisans, laborers, etc., as may be found necessary to i)ro])or1v 
prepare and exhibit the State's resources as contemplated by 
this Act. 

Section 5. — Be it enacted. That the Board of Conimissic^iers 
shall meet at such time and place as may be designated by the 



1 8 LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

Governor, and shall proceed to elect one of their number as 
secretary. 

Section 6. — Be it enacted. That in order to carry out the 
purposes of this Act. that the sum of Si 00,000. or so much as 
may be necessar}-. be and is hereby appropriated out of any 
money in the treasur^^ not othenvise appropriated. 

Section 7. — Be it enacted. That all disbursements of the 
money appropriated shall be by warrant on the Auditor of 
Public Accounts, signed by the Governor, and in all other 
respects in same manner as now provided by law f r the dis- 
bursement of other public funds. 

Sec::::: S. — Be i: enacted. That the exhibits made by the 
Board of Commissioners on behalf of the State, shall, as 
soon as possible after the closing of the exposition, be sold and 
the money realized therefrom be paid into the State Treasury, 
or said exhibits may be preserAed by the State or donated to the 
several educational institutions, as the Board of Commissioners 
may deem proper. 

Section 9. — ^Be it enacted. That the Board of Commissioners 
^all make a complete report of all of its proceedings to the 
session of the General Assembly next after the closing of the 
expcsition. including a detailed state::: e::t of all its expendi- 

:ures. 

Section ic — Be :: enacted. That the Act shall take effect and 
be in force from and after its passage. 

Under this Act. Gov. W. W. Heard appointed t::e following 
Board : 

Col. Char es Schv ler. Keachie. De Soto Parish, 

Judge E: T I st. St. Rose. St. Qiarles Parish, 

Hon. Heni} 1^. Gueydan. Gueydan, Vermilion Parish. 

Maj. Jordan G. Lee, Baton Rouge. La. 

This Board :::e: earh in January. 1903. and elected Dr. 
Wm. C. Stubbs. of Xew Orleans. State Commissioner, and Mr. 
Robert Glenk. Xew Orleans. Assistant to the Commissioner, 
Maj. J. G. Lee. Secretary-, and Mr. Chas. K. Fuqua, Assistant 
to Secretarv-. 

The Commissioner and his assistants were empowered to 
proceed to the collection and preparation of exhibits for 
the exposition. The. entered at once en their duties and 



LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. IQ 

after collecting and preparing suitable exhibits, finally trans- 
ferred them to St. Louis and installed them in the Exhibit 
Palaces of the exposition. 

Early in 1904, on account of ill-health. Judge Emile Rost 
resigned, and General John B. Levert, of New Orleans, was ap- 
pointed in his place. In May, Newton C. Blanchard succeeded 
William Wright Heard as Governor of Louisiana. 

The Board as thus amended continued to serve throughout 
the exposition. 

The following are sketches of the lives of these distinguished 
citizens who cheerfully and gratuitously gave their services to 
the State of Louisiana. 

GOVERNOR WILLIAM WRIGHT HEARD. 

Governor Heard was reared on his father's farm ''in the 
hills" of North Louisiana, which have produced many brave 
and patriotic sons of our commonwealth. His parents were 
originally from Georgia, following the trend of population 
westward. The family consisted of five sons and two daugh- 
ters. In 1 86 1, when Louisana called her loyal sons to the 
tented field, all the Heard sons who were old enough to take up 
arms responded with alacrity. The close of the struggle found 
the youngest son, William, a boy of twelve years, alternately 
working on the farm and attending the neighboring school. 
Later he attended the schools at F'armerville, where he com- 
pleted his academic education. In 1876 he was electecl clerk 
of the District Court, and he kept his connection with that 
office as clerk, deputy clerk and notary public until 1892. 
Meanwhile, in 1884, he was elected a Representative to the 
lower house of the General Assembly. In 'this body he was 
soon noted for his intelligence, his sound judgment and con- 
scientious discharge of duty ; and later on he was elected State 
Senator. He was soon classed among the leading and mosi 
influential members in the State Senate, and he was an ardent 
opponent of the Louisiana Lottery Company. The promi- 
nence that he had attained in the General Assembly led \o hi^ 
election as Auditor of Public .Vcccnuits in iS()j. to whirli 



20 LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

office he was re-elected in 1896, and in 1900, in recognition of 
his public service and' in consequence of the general confidence 
that was felt in his capacity to administer with success and 
honor the more exalted duties of the executive office he was 
elected Governor. In administering this high trust he has 
fully justified the most sanguine expectations of his friends 
and of the people generally. 

He has been a member of the Baptist Church since 1870 
and is now president of the State Baptist Convention. Upon 
his retirement from the executive office Governor Heard be- 
came vice-president of the State National Bank, and he and 
his family now reside in New Orleans. 

GOVERNOR NEWTON CRANE BLANCHARD. 

Governor Newton C. Blanchard has filled nearly every pub- 
lic office within the gift of the people of Louisiana. His politi- 
cal career has been unbroken since 1879, when he was elected 
as a member of the Constitutional Convention. 

Member of the Constitutional Convention, 1879; Member 
of Congress, 1880-1893; United States Senator, 1893-1897; 
Associate Justice State Supreme Court, 1897-1904; Governor 
of Louisiana, 1904- 1908. 

He was Major on the staff of Governors Wiltz and Mc- 
Enery, and long a member of the Democratic National Com- 
mittee for Louisiana. 

Governor Blanchard was born in Rapides Parisii, Louisiana, 
January 29, 1849. He passed his boyhood on a cotton planta- 
tion. Educated in private schools and at the University of 
Louisiana, and graduated in law in 1870. He began the 
practice of law in Shreveport in 1871 and was made chairman 
of the Democratic Committee of Caddo Parish in 1876. 

He was in 1879 elected as Trustee for Louisiana of the 
University of the South at Sewanee, Tennessee. 

Governor Blanchard's public career has not only been suc- 
cessful from a personal standpoint, but exceedingly valuable 
to the State. His ability, his integrity and his patriotism have 
won and held popular confidence. In the Constitutional Con- 



LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 21 

vention he was chairman of the Committee on Federal Rela- 
tions, and was an active agent in overthrowing the pernicious 
'"carpet-bag" government and restoring honest home rule. He 
was chairman of the Committee on Rivers and Harbors in 
Congress, and largely through his efforts were the needs of 
the Mississippi River made known and the generous appro- 
priation secured for improving this mighty stream and pre- 
venting disastrous floods. 

He passed from the House of Representatives after thirteen 
years of faithful service to the Senate of the United States^ 
where he remained until 1897, when he was made Associate 
Justice of the Supreme Court of Louisiana. In 1904 he was 
elected Governor of Louisiana, taking his seat m May of the 
same year, his term expiring in 1908. 

He married Miss Mary Barret, December 16, 1873. They 
have two children. Dr. Ashton Blanchard and Mrs. Leon 
Smith, both of Shreveport. 

COLONEL CHARLES SCHULER. 

Colonel Charles Schuler was born in January, 1840, in 
Germany, removing to Louisiana wath his father's family in 
1852. He settled in New Orleans, where he resided until 
]86i, when he entered the Confederate Army, where he ren- 
dered valuable services, surrendering in 1865. 

In 1 87 1 he began the life of a farmer in the hills of De Soto 
Parish, near Keachie, where he still lives. As a farmer he is 
one of the most progressive and intelligent in the State and a 
leader in every industrial movement looking to the develop- 
ment and welfare of Louisiana. He is now Commissioner of 
Agriculture and Immigration, with headquarters at Baton 
Rouge. He has several times represented his parish in the 
Legislature, and is one of the leading citizens of North Louisi- 
ana. He is a member of the Presbyterian Church, and is al- 
ways ready to promote the moral as well as material interests 
of the State. 



22 LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

JUDGE EMILE ROST 

is a worthy son of a distinguished sire. His father. Judge 
P. A. Rost, was judge, planter and special ambassador to 
France during the civil war. Emile Rost v\'as born in 1839, 
graduated at Georgetown College, D. C., in 1857, and at Har- 
vard Law Schoolin 1859, and later in the law school of the 
University of Louisiana. He practiced law for some years 
after the civil war in Xew Orleans and was elected District 
Judge in 1885, and after sending four terms declining re- 
election, he retired to his plantation (the old family home of 
Destrehan), inherited from his ancestors. He is a grandson 
of Etienne De Bore, the first Mayor of Xew Orleans and tnc 
first to make sugar in Louisiana. 

Judge Rost was president of the Sugar Planters' Associ- 
ation, member of the State Board of Agriculture and Immi- 
gration, and a member of the Board of Commissioners until 
recently, when ill-health compelled him to retire from public 
service. He is a scholar, jurist, planter, and withal a most 
affable, pleasant gentleman. 

HEXRY L. GUEYDAX. 

Henry L. Gueydan was born in Xew Orleans, December 22, 
1867. His father, the late Jean Pierre Gueydan, the founder 
of the city of Gueydan, was a native of France. The subject 
of this sketch acquired his primary education at Galveston. 
Later he became a student at the L'nited States X'aval Acad- 
emy. At Annapolis he was noted for his linguistic attain- 
ments, being an excellent scholar not only in English, but in 
French and Spanish. Leaving the X^aval Academy before 
graduation he joined his fatiier, who had purchased 45,000 
acres of land in Vermilion Parish. This tract was fenced in 
with wire fence and was known as Gueydan Pasture. After 
remaining with his father a short time, during which he built 
the bridge over the Queue de Tortue, between Acadia and Ver- 
milion Parishes, IMr. Gueydan went to Central America and 
engaged in the importing business. AMiile in Central America 
he married a Spanish lady, mother of his two daughters — 



LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 2^ 

Marie and Jeanne. Mrs Gueydan died in 1893. In 1905 Mr. 
Gueydan visited Guatemala and brought back a beautiful Span- 
ish lady as his second wife. Returning to Gueydan after an ab- 
sence of eight years, Mr. Gueydan assumed charge of his 
father's interests, and since the latter's death has been the sole 
manager of the Gueydan estate. 

Mr. Gueydan, besides being manager of the Gueydan estate 
is publisher of the Gueydan Nezvs, secretary and 
treasurer of the Inland Canal Company, manager of the 
Jeanne Gueydan Dredge Company, secretary of the road 
overseers of his ward, director of the Bank of Gueydan and 
of the Rice Association of America, and is one of four com- 
missioners representing the State of Louisiana at the Louisiana 
Purchase Exposition. 

Henry L. Gueydan is a man of broad views, an enthusiastic 
believer in his country, his State, his parish and his town. 
vSelfishness has no place in his make-up. Public spirit is the 
key-note of his character. 

If he had to choose between the alternati\'e of making him- 
self wealthy beyond the dreams of avarice, at the expense of 
the community he lives in, or of making his town prosperous 
at his own expense, no man doubts that Henry L. Gueydan 
would sacrifice his own interests to further the public good. 

MAJOR JORDAN GRAY LEF. ^*'- 

Major Lee is a Louisianian by birth, coming from one of 
the old and distinguished pioneer families in the northern part 
of the State. His father was a highly respected i)lanter an J 
was for a number of years sheriff and treasurer of the parish. 
He attended the High School at Farmerville and Inter t'le 
Louisiana State University, from which he graduated in 1888. 
He was a])])()intc(l a member of Governor McEnery's stalT: 
subsequently he became Major of the North Louisiar.a Lat- 
talion, embracing the comp;^nies fn^n the j^arislics of Ouachita 
and the cities of INlonroc, Shrcvepsrt Ixuston and I\a\\ iTe. 
He received the appointment as Assistant JViroctor o( tj-.e 



24 LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA TURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

North Louisiana Experiment Station, which po'^.Ition he fi!' :(! 
-continuously until 1896. when Governor Foster appointed hiUi 
Commissioner of Agriculture and immigralu ii, holding tliis 
position until recently, when he resigned to accept again the 
position of Assistant l^irector of the Xorth Louisiana Experi- 
Jiient Station. 

Major Lee ha.^-^ beer, indefatigable in his labors in the inter- 
est of agriculture in 1 ou'siana. 

He is a member of the Knights of Pythias, B. P. O. FJks, 
and one of the charter men bers of the Alplia Gamma Chapter. 
Louisiana State University. 

GENERAL JOHX B. LEVERT. 

is one of the progressive capitalists of the citv of Xew Or- 
leans and one of the best known men in the State. Owning 
and controlling large sugar interests, he is. of course, promi- 
nent in every movement looking to the development and pros- 
perity of the sugar industry. He was born in the Parish of 
Iberville in 1840. and is the son of .\ugust Levert. also a 
native of this State. He was educated at St. ]\Lary's College, 
Emmetsburg. Maryland, where he was at the outbreak of hos- 
tilities in 1861. He left his studies, returned to Louisiana 
and became a member of the First Louisiana Cavalry and 
served in the western armies during the entire war. After 
the restoration of peace he returned to Xew Orleans, and in 
1867 engaged in commercial pursuits, which he has since suc- 
•cessfully conducted. He established the lirm of Bush tS: 
Levert. and subsequently the firm of Levert. Burguieres & Co.. 
^^^lich is still conducted as a commission house. He has served 
as president of the Sugar Exchange and is a: present a mem- 
ber of the Board of Administrators of Tulane University. He 
is a director in the Canal-Louisiana Bank and Trust Company 
and several other corporations of city and State. He is an 
ardent Confederate and has served as IMaj-^r General of the 
Louisiana Division of the United Confederate \'eterans. 

During the memorable struggle with the Lc-uisiana Lotterv 
lie was twice elected State Senator from the Sixth District of 



LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 25 

this city Upon an anti-lottery platform. He se; ved with promi- 
nence in the State Senate and was chairman of the Committee 
on City Affairs. He continued his opposition to the lottery 
until it was finally driven from the State. 

He married Miss Stephanie Dupuy of Iherville Parish^ 
daughter of the late G. C. Dupuy, wdio several years ago 
passed to the ''world beyond," leaving behind her ten devoted 
children, one of whom, Mrs. Mathilde Kearny — a lovely 
specimen of true Southern womanhood — ^lias recently joined 
her mother. 

General Levert has many personal acr:jmpli-hments and 
social qualities, and enjoys the respect and esteem of his fel- 
low men. 



26 LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE 'EXPOSITION' 



Louisiana at the Dedication. 

It was found impossible to open the Exposition in 1903. as 
was contemplated in the beginning. By presidential decree it 
was postponed until 1904. 

However, the Exposition was dedicated on April 30, 1903. 
by a series of ceremonies in the presence of an assembled multi- 
tude. The military feature was perhaps the most attractive. 
President Roosevelt, attended by ex-President Cleveland, re- 
viewed the long line of troops, representing the regular army 
and the National and State Guards. Many Governors of 
States, with their staffs, were present and rode at the head of 
the troops from their respective States. 

On either side of the reviewing stand were seated the vari- 
ous officials. National and State, of the Exposition. 

After the parade, speeches were made to an immense throng 
b}^ Presidents Roosevelt and Cleveland, President Carter of 
the National Board, President Francis of Hie Exposition. 
Louisiana was represented officially at this dedication by Gov- 
ernor Heard and the entire Commission consisting of Judge 
Emile Rost, Colonel Charles Schuler, Henry L. Gueydan and 
Major J. G. Lee. Commissioner ^^^illiam C. Stubbs and As- 
sistant Commissioner Robert Glenk. The following members 
of the Governor's staff were present : 

Major-General Allen Jumel, Adjutant-General and Chief of 
Staff; Brigadier-General E. P. Cottraux, Quartermaster-Gen- 
eral; Brigadier-General John McGrath, Commissary General; 
Brigadier-General George W. Booth, Lispector-General ; Col- 
onel James A. Ware, Colonel Arsene Perriliat, Colonel Ed- 
ward Maunsell, Colonel George A. B. Hays,. Colonel John 
Holmes, Colonel Maurice Generelly, Colonel George S. Kaus- 
ler. Colonel J. J. Hooper, Colonel B. M. King, Colonel J. C. 
Andrews, Colonel \\^illiam Murray, Colonel Clem Story, Col- 



LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 27 

onel Orris McLellan, Major E. S. Cobb, Major J. A. Prud- 
homme, Major William Mc.L. Fayssoux, and Major T. J. 
Buddecke. Major Gabe Filleul, Assistant Inspector on the 
staff of General Glynn, accompanied the party. 

To a newspaper reporter, upon his return, Governor Heard 
said : 

"The members of the staff and I had a very good time. I 
heard many complaints of bad management and lack of at- 
tention from certain Governors, but I think that is attributable 
to the fact that there were a great many more people there 
than were expected. They were overwhelmed with the magni- 
tude of the crowd. I was told that about 400,000 people saw 
the parade and about 15,000 heard the speeches of President 
Roosevelt and ex-President Cleveland in the Liberal Arts 
Building. 

'T had attentions shown me by Mr. Wright, the committee- 
man assigned to us. I attended the banquet given in the 
Administration Building to the President, foreign Ambassa- 
dors and Governors, and I went to the breakfast given to the 
Governors at the University Club. At the Governor's break- 
fast I met some fifteen Governors of States. 

We were very courteously treated all the time of our stay. 
In the civic parade we had the second place in line. Governor 
Odell, of New York, being first. In the military parade the 
representatives of States were assigned to positions in accord- 
ance with the admission of their States into the Union. I was 
the only Southern Governor in the parade. We were applaud- 
ed by the spectators all along the route. All the other Southern 
Governors fell out. It was really a very cold day and the wind 
was very disagreeable." 

The day (despite tbe extreme cold) was enjoyed l)y all, and 
enormous crowds were in attendance. The interest exiiibited by 

the various States and the enthusiasm displayed by the lixpo- 



28 



LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 



sition officials, all gave token of a goodly show ahead and ad 
vertised to the world the approaching great Exposition. 

Besides the officials mentioned above, a number of promi- 
nent citizens of Louisiana were also present. 

It should also be recorded here that Brigadier-General E. P. 
Cottraux and Colonel Arsene Perriliat. both of Governor 
Heard's staff, acted as aides on the staff of ^lajor-General 
H. C. Corbin. Grand ^Marshal at these dedicators- exercises. 



LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 20 



The Collection of Exhibits. 

Few persons without experience in such matters can possi- 
bly reaHze the large amount of physical and mental labor in- 
volved in the collection, arrangement and installation of the 
.products of a great State at a great exposition. Thousands of 
letters must be written, visits must be made to various parts 
of the State, interview after interview submitted to, yea, 
courted for the success of the enterprise. Hours of mental 
activity, approaching at times to acute anguish, must be spent 
in conceiving new ideals, planning new ways of presentation 
of exhibits, new forms for cases, booths, buildings, etc. 

In the successful collection of attractive exhibits from a 
great State, one realizes with great emphasis the value of gen- 
erous, patriotic citizens, and just here it may be remarked 
with pride, pleasure and deep gratitude, that but for the volun- 
tary assistance rendered the Commissioner by scores of public 
spirited, patriotic citizens, men and women of Louisiana, this 
State could not possibly have made a creditable show at St. 
Louis. 

At the first meeting of the Commission it was deemed best 
for the State that all of our exhibits should be made in one 
building, under one roof, instead of being' distributed into 
groups, in buildings often far remote. Governor Heard, 
Major Lee and Dr. Stubbs were requested to visit St. Louis 
and ascertain if such action would be permitted. After reach- 
ing St. Louis and having an extended interview with the offi- 
cials, it was deemed inexpedient, if not unwise, to follow this 
suggestion, since it would diametrically thwart the plans of 
the officials. Louisiana, bearing the name of the great Expo- 
sition, the first state to be carved out of the Purchase, and from 
whom so much was expected in this celebration, could not 
afford to incur the hostility of the officials by opposing their 
plans and acting contrary to their wishes. So this CiMumis- 
sion (letcrnMncd to ac((uiesce in thoir plans and prepare many 



30 LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

exhibits instead of one. Space was accordingly applied for 
in the folloAving palaces : Agriculture, Horticulture, Forestry, 
Fish and Game, Transportation, Education, Mines and Metal- 
lurgy, Liberal Arts, and Anthropology. A site Avas also se- 
lected for our State building. Subsequently the experience of 
the Commission, as well as that of numerous visitors, con- 
firmed the first impression, that for the best display of the 
State's resources, making them most attractive to the home- 
seekers and the capitalist, they should be congregated into one 
harmonious whole, under one roof. Thousands of visitors, 
even many of our own citizens, formed inadequate, often 
erroneous conclusions relative to Louisiana's display, simply 
because they saw only one or two of her exhibits, and these 
perhaps not representative of her chief resources. Louisiana 
had exhibits in the following buildings : The Cabildo, Liberal 
Arts, Mines and Metallurgy, Education, Transportation, Ad- 
ministration, Forestry, Agriculture, Horticulture, and Con- 
servatory. 

These buildings were scattered over an area of 1240 acres, 
and all of them, save the Cabildo and Administration, covering 
many acres. 

Without a guide, it was almost impossible for even a 
Louisianian during a visit of ten days to find all of the ex- 
hibits from this State. It is almost certain that the State 
would have derived larger benefits in attracting immigration 
had the policy of the Commission prevailed. 



I 



LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 3: 

"The Cabildo." 



In the city of New Orleans is an old Spanish building, 
erected in 1795, which was used during the Spanish regime 
as a. Cabildo or Court building. In this building the actual 
transfer of the Louisiana Purchase from Spain to France and 
from France to the United States occurred, the first on Nov- 
ember 30th and the last on December 20th, 1803. 

The Commission wisely determined to reproduce this build- 
ing, as it zms at that date, on the exposition grounds at St. 
Louis, and to use the same as a State building. Upon investi- 
gation it was found that the Mansard roof, which now forms 
the third story of this classic building, was added since Ameri- 
can occupancy. It was found further that several minor addi- 
tions and alterations had been made since 1803. 

Through the kindness of Father Scotti, a picture of the 
Cabildo and Cathedral at the time of the transfer was obtained 
from the Archbishop's palace in this city. This picture gave 
positively the outlines of the Cabildo as it existed in 1803, 
and from this picture the building at St. Louis was planned in 
every detail. 

Mr. Will A. Freret, of New Orleans, late supervising 
architect of the United States Treasury under Mr. Cleveland, 
was entrusted with the duties of preparing the plans and 
specifications of an exact replica of this ancient Cabildo, and 
Messrs. W. O. and C. G. Burton, proffering the lowest l^d, 
became the contractors for its erection . 

On account of the prominence of the State of Louisiana in 
the original purchase, she was courteously accorded the secmid 
choice (Missouri having the first) in the selection of a site for 
her State building. Governor Heard, Major Lee and Com- 
missioner Stubbs were appointed a committee to select the 
spot. yVccordingly in Fel)ruary, 1903, they cluKse a 1)oantifui 
and prominent spot overlooking Government Hill and directlv 
west of and vis-a-vis to Missouri's handsome State palace. 0\\ 



LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 33 

the 30th of April, 1903, after the pubUc official exercises above 
described, many Louisianians, led by Governor Heard and 
the entire State Commission, repaired to this spot and for- 
mally dedicated it to the uses and purposes of Louisiana dur- 
ing the Fair. After considerable delay in obtaining permis- 
sion to erect the building from the Department of Buildings 
and Grounds, the contractor began his work in July, and fin- 
ished it in October, 1903, at a cost of about $25,000. 

The Commission decided to furnish this building with 
furniture and pictures of the date of the transfer. Mr. Armand 
Hawkins, a dealer in antiques in New Orleans, completely 
equipped the entire building. On account of its historic inter- 
est and its antique furnishings, this building attracted a large 
am.ount of attention and the visitors that passed through its 
portals numbered well up into the millions. 

In front of this building was reproduced the "Place 
d'Armes" of the French and Spanish regimes, now Jackson 
Square, in the center of which was erected an equestrian statue 
of Andrew Jackson, modeled after the one erected to the hero 
of Chalmette in this square in New Orleans by the grateful 
citizens of Louisiana, whose home he protected from British 
invasion on January 15th, 181 5. In this square, sweet olives, 
orange trees, bananas, tea plants, sugar cane, etc., were 
planted. Some of these were in fruit and were much ad- 
mired. 

The Department of Buildings and Grounds, which had de- 
layed us in the beginning, came to our assistance in the con- 
struction of this square and the grounds around the building, 
and rendered us valuable service. In the rear of the building 
were the jails, a reproduction of those attached to the building 
in New Orleans. In one of these rooms were placed the 
''stocks" kindly lent us by Mayor Capdevielle of New Orleans, 
which were once used for the punishment of criminals by 
Spanish courts. 

In this jail yard was placed a huge stone filter and large 
earthenware receiver, which were formerly used for filtering 
Mississippi River water. 



34 LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

In the lower Court Room were hung two exquisite modem 
paintings by T. de Thulstrup. of 287 Fourth avenue. Xew 
York. One of these paintings represented La Salle taking 
possession of Louisiana, and the other "the transfer of Louisi- 
ana from France to the L'nited States in 1803." These paint- 
ings were uni^•ersally admired. 

In tiie same room were displayed portraits of all the Gov- 
ernors of Louisiana, from Iberville to Governor Blanchard. 
Also Etienne de Bore, the first INIayor of Xew Orleans, and 
Paul Capdevielle, Mayor in 1904. There was also dis- 
played in the office of the Commissioner a portrait of Cheva- 
lier Coulon de \'illiers. the hero of one of the battles between 
the French and English and Americans, kindly furnished by 
his descendant. ^Irs. Edward \'ives of Houma. La. 

In the Sala Capitular, or upper court room of the Cabildo. 
was displayed a facsimile copy of the treaty of cession of 
Louisiana to the United States, signed by Livingston. Mon- 
roe. [Marbois, on April 30th, 1803. in Paris. France. 

While the Cabildo was being erected at St. Louis, the Com- 
mission was busy collecting exhibits from all over the State. 
A warehouse was rented at 420 Common street, and in it the 
exhibits were prepared for St. Louis. The State made the 
following distinct exhibits : Special exhibits of sugar, rice 
and cotton, and a general agricultural exhibit, all in the Agri- 
cultural palace. The sugar and rice exhibits v-ere made in 
the center aisle, while the cotton and general agricultural ex- 
hibits were made in a space opposite on the west side of the 
building. In the Horticultural building were two exhibits — 
one of general horticulture on the main floor and the other in 
the conservatory. 

In the Forestry building tiiere were also two exhibits — one 
of forestry and the other of Fish and Game. 

In the Educational building there were also -two exhibits — 
one of schools, colleges and universities of the State, and the 
other a special exhibit. ''Sugar Laboratory" in the L'nited 
States Experiment Station exhibit, illustrating the special 
work of the Suear Experiment Station of Louisiana. The ex- 



LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 35 

penses of the latter were borne by the United States appropria- 
tion, but was collected and installed by the State Commissioner 
and the assistants at Audubon Park without compensation. The 
State also had fine displays in the following buildings : Trans- 
portation, Mines and Metallurgy, Liberal Arts and Anthro- 
pology. 

Beside the above State displays, there were exhibits made 
by the State and City Boards of Health in the Social Economy 
section. A large display by the Franco-American Society of 
Louisiana in the Historical Department, and numerous private 
exhibits by individuals and corporations in the Manufacturers 
and other buildings. 

After soliciting and obtaining a large number of exhibits 
of many of our manufacturing establishments, it was learned 
to our great regret that the State could not make a collective 
exhibit of such products, but must display each exhibit in its 
appropriate class. This was found to be impracticable, and 
hence many of the products of our factories were not in evi- 
dence at St. Louis. 

The work of collection began early in October and the first 
shipment was made late in January. Soon after the first car 
was started, Mf. Glenk went to St. Louis to receive and install ■ 
the exhibits. Shipments by the carload continued until the 
opening of the Exposition. Perishable exhibits were renewed 
during the entire term of the Fair. 



3' 



LOUISIANA AT TtJI;: LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 



POST /8" SQUARE 



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LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 37 



Agricultural Palace. 

As mentioned above, Louisiana made special exhibits of 
sugar, rice and cotton and a general agricultural display. 
Spaces loi and 102 were occupied in this building, aggregat- 
ing 8,500 feet; 2,000 feet each to sugar, rice and cotton, and 
2,500 feet to t"he general agricultural exhibit. 

Sugar Exhibit. 

In this exhibit were several fields of cane in wax, illustrat- 
ing all the operations of preparing the soil and planting and 
cultivating the same with model implements furnished by B. 
F. Avery & Sons, implement manufacturers. Also exhibiting 
the cane in all stages of growth, from the sprout to the fully 
matured cane, the latter being cut by negroes. From this field 
there was a train of cars drawn by a locomotive, carrying the 
canes to the sugar house, where they were unloaded by a min- 
iature carrier feeder upon a carrier which conveyed it to a 
crusher and six-roller mill, wdiich was propelled by electricity. 
The juice was carried to a series of tanks and clarifiers and 
juice heaters, while the bagasse was borne by a carrier to a 
battery of five boilers, where it was consumed. After sul- 
phuring, liming and superheating, the juice was settled and 
the scums and settlings sent through a series of mud filters 
and the decanted juice through bag filters. After passage 
through these filters the juice was concentrated into syrup in 
the triple efifects, and then this syrup was concentrated to 
masse cuite in the vacuum pans. The latter was dumped 
intO' a mixer and from thence into a battery of centrifugals. 
where the sugar was separated from the molasses. This sugar 
was then granulated in a granulator, while the uK^lasses wa-=; 
taken into a crystallizer and there grained, ready ngain for the 
centrifugal. 

In the sugar house were five hundred small barrels o\ sugar 
and one hundred barrels of mc^lasses. .Ml ot" those models 



38 LOUISIANA AT T?IE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 



^^^SS^A^A^ 3^ 



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LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 39 

were made upon a scale of one inch to the foot. The sugar 
house was a modern, fire-proof, steel-framed and iron-covered 
building, built on the same scale. 

In the sugar exhibit were large and attractive jars of com- 
mercial samples of plantation and refined sugars, syrups and 
molasses; also a life-size model of "Miss Louisiana," in pure 
white sugar. Over one hundred varieties of cane were shown 
together with samples of sugar house products from the juice 
to the third . molasses. A complete laboratory, including a 
hand cane mill, polariscope, etc., occupied a space just beyond 
the sugar house. Surrounding the exhibit were twelve large 
tubs containing twelve varieties of growing cane. Samples of 
mill and diffusion bagasse, with the various types of paper 
made therefrom, were also shown. 

The manufactured products of sugar, molasses and bagasse, 
consisting of candy in all of its forms, pralines, taffy, alcohols, 
gins, whiskys, vinegar, paper, feedstuffs, were displayed in 
attractive forms. Especially conspicuous were the various 
feeds of which bagasse and molasses form important ingredi- 
ents. This entire exhibit was surrounded by a nickel-plated 
railing and surmounted with a facade, supported at intervals 
by immense columns, with pediments over the entrances bear- 
ing the coat-of-arms of Louisiana and the words, ''Sugar Ex- 
hibit of Louisiana." 

The following is a complete catalogue of the Louisiana 
State exhibit in the Sugar Section : 

American Sugar Cane Growers' Association, New Orleans, 
La. — Collection of photographs of old style and modern 
sugar houses. 
American Sugar Refining Company, New Orleans. — Refined 
Sugars : Standard granulated, fine granulated, cube, 
cut loaf, domino, confectioners' pebble A, confectioners' 
candy A, coarse powdered, standard powdered, XXXX 
powdered, No. i and No. 2 syrup. 
B. F. Avery & Co., New Orleans, La. — Models of sugar agri- 
cultural implements : Avery disc plow, Avery fertilizer 
distributer, Avery magnolia lister, Avery disc cultivator. 
Avery magnolia cultivator, Avery stubble digger. Avery 
stubble shaver, walking plow. 



40 LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

Bodley Manufacturing Company, ^Memphis and New Orleans. 
— \\'orking model of hoist transfer and cane can ier 
feeder. 

Bringliurst & Son, Alexandna.-^Sugar cane syrup in cans. 

A. H. Gay Planting & Manufacturing Company, St. Louis 
Plantation, Plaquemine, La. — Choice yellow clarified 
sugar in cones and in barrel, choice centrifugal molasses 
in barrel. 

Hersey Granulator Company, Boston, Mass. — Working model 
of Hersey granulator, scale i incii to foot. 

Jaeger & DePass, New Orleans. — Stick candy : Peppermint, 
horehound, wintergreen, banana icmori ilrops, jackson 
balls, cut mint candy, cream candv. 

Kenilworth Sugar Factory. — Hardware paper from bagasse, 
red and brown, 

Alexander Mouton, Lafayette. — Sugar cane syrup in cans. 

J. H. Murphy's Iron Works, New Orleans. — Models of sugar 
house apparatus, scale i inch to foot : Juice heaters, lim- 
ing tanks, bag filters, syrup tanks, triple effects, vacuum 
pans. 

New Orleans Coffee Company, Limited. — Belle Rose mo- 
lasses. Sweet Home brand O. K. molasses, evaporated 
sugar cane syrup. 

New Orleans Sugar and Rice Exchange. — Commercial grades 
of plantation sugars : Plantation granulated, off granu- 
lated, choice white, gray white, fancy yellow clarified, 
off yellow clarified, choice yellow clarified, prime yellow 
clarified, choice seconds, prime seconds, common seconds, 
choice kettle centrifugals, prime kettle centrifugals, choice 
open kettle, prim.e open kettle. Commercial grades of 
plantation molasses : Fancy centrifugal, choice centri- 
fugal, prime centrifugal, common centrifugal, fancy open 
kettle, choice open kettle, prime open kettle, common 
open kettle. Cane syrup : Yellow and red. 

Penick & Ford, Shreveport, La. — Breakfast syrup, "cero 
cane," old style open kettle molasses, quart cans. 

\\\ R. Perrin & Co., Chicago, 111. — Eight models of filter 
presses for sugar houses, scale i inch to foot. 

Louisiana Planter Publishing Company, New Orleans. — 
Copies of the Planter. 

Ruger's Vinegar Works, New Orleans. — Eighty-grain vinegar 
made from molasses. 

Smith Brothers Company, Limited, New Orleans. — Uwanta 
brand Louisiana cane syrup and O. K. molasses, in cans. 



LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 4 1 

Leonce Soniat, Cedar Grove, La. — Photographs of sugar cane 
scenes in Louisiana. 

Southern Redistihing and Rectifying Company, Limited, 
New Orleans. — ioo% Velvet spirits, i88% alcohol, 
190% cologne spirits, 102% rye malt gin, 102% sweet 
clover gin, Rose of Orleans bourbon whisky, all made 
from molasses. 

State of Louisiana. — Wax models of cane fields, showing 
planting, cultivation and harvesting, scale i inch to foot, 
6x6 feet; sugar cane factory building, i inch to foot, 
capacity 1,000 tons. 

Stirling Boiler Company, Chicago, 111.: — Models of Stirling 
water tube boilers, battery of 6, with Fisher bagasse burn- 
ers and conveyors. 

Sugar Experiment Station, New Orleans. — Sugar cane seed, 
Trinidad ; varieties of sugar cane, fresh and preserved ; 
Ainakea, altamattie, akilolo, bamboo, Barbados 347, ba- 
tavia striped. Bird, bourbon, breheret, brisbane, Caledon- 
ian queen, cavengerie, creole, crystallina, cuapa, Cuban, 
Demerara 61, 69, 74, 82, 95, 102, 108, 117, 124, 135, 
269, 345, '^^y^i, Farwell, Garig, grand savanne, green, 
green elephant, honuaula, hope, borne, Japanese, kainiao, 
keni-keni, kokea, lahaina, lakoua, laPice, leSassier, light 
Java, liguanea, loucier, Louisiana purple, Louisiana 
striped, malay, manulete, marabel naga, Nicholls, norman. 
ohia, otaheite, panache, papaa, poaole, portier, pupuha, 
purple elephant, rappoe, rose bamboo, sacuri, salangore, 
Soniat, tibboo mird, Trinidad No. 2, jy , '^y , in, 189, 
tsimbic, uwala, vituahaula, vulu vulu, white bamboo, 
Whitney, yellow, ysaquia. 
Sugar laboratory outfit : Apparatus, triple field jiolariscope, 
Becker balance, set of weights, pi])ettes, beakers, funnels, 
cylinders, tripods, wire triangles, bunsen burners, fiasks, 
burettes, clamps, hydrometers, dessicater, porcelain cru- 
cibles, and evaporating dishes, tongs, casseroles, test 
plates, weighing dishes, pycnometer, theruK^meter, filters, 
nitrogen bulbs, CO2 apparatus, brushes. 
Chemicals — Litmus paper, T. S. Phenol phtlKdein. iH^hlini^ 
sol., sulphur, lime, phosphoric acid, hone black, cuprio 
sulphate, acetic ac, ferrocyanide ])()t. S(il., permanganate 
■pot. sol. Maltose, niannit, glucose c. ])., 1cvu1(ko. in\ort 
sugar, gkicosazone. furfurol. as])araginc. ferinoiitation 
cellulose. 



LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 43 

Sugar House Products — Raw cane juice, sulphured juice, 
limed juice, clarified juice, syrup,' first massecuite, first 
sugar and molasses, second massecuite and sugar and 
molasses, third massecuite and sugar and molasses, filter 
press cake, mill bagasse, diffusion bagasse, fibre and pith 
pulp, cane ash. 
Fertilizers for Sugar Cane — Cotton seed meal, dried blood, 
slag meal, tankage, spent bone black, ground bone, acid 
phosphate, sulphate ammonia, nitrate potash, chili nitrate, 
floats, sulphate potash, fish, scrap, kainit, muriate potash. 
Chart — Ten years' results with fertilizers for cane, compo- 
sition of cane juices, varieties of canes and composition 
of juices. 
Molasses Feeds — Molasses, bagasse and cotton seed meal ; 
molasses and alfalfa, molasses and bagasse, molasses and 
extracted rice bran, molasses, rice bran and cotton seed 
meal, molasses, corn and oats. 
Photographs of the sugar house and laboratory. 

Leon Godchaux Company, New Orleans. — Photograph of 
Elm Hall factory. 

W. W. Sutcliffe, New Orleans. — Working model of auto- 
matic hydraulic pressure regulator for cane mill, scale i 
inch to foot. 

Wibray Thompson, Calumet Plantation. — Large grain confec- 
fectioners' sugar. 

Wallace, Jaasted & Drewsen, New York. — Bagasse paper, 
pith pulp; baggasse paper, fibre pulp; bagasse paper, cal- 
endered; bagasse paper, filled. 

Whitney Iron Works, New Orleans. — Working model of six- 
roller cane mill, Marshall crusher and cane carrier, scale 
I inch to foot, capacity i,ooo tons; model of Marshall 
crystallizer. 

Wogan Brothers, New Orleans. — Molasses stock and dairy 
feed. 

Rice Exhibit. 

Large and attractive shocks of rice of different varieties 
embellished the corners of the space devoted to this exhibit. 
Fields of rice in wax, showing this cereal from the sprout iiig 
seed to the fully matured rice, with the various implements in 
model forms for preparing the land, planting the seed and 



44 LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

harvesting and threshing the crop were shown. Connected 
with these fields were a model pumping plant, complete in 
even- detail, propelled by electricitA", illustrating the method 
of rice field irrigation. These fields were connected by 
a train of cars filled with sacks of rough rice. propeUed by a 
locomotive: a complete rice mill, four 5::rie5 high, cov- 
ered with glass, with up-to-date machiner\- for milling one 
thousands sacks of rice per day. Two full-sized mill stones 
were also shown. 

Beyond the rice mill was a large storage warehouse, filled 
with sacks of rough rice and packets of clean rice. 

Samples of commercial rice, rough and cleaned, and the by- 
products were displayed in handsome jars. Paper from rice 
straw and feedstuffs from rice bran, before and after the oil 
was extracted, made an attractive table in this displa} . Oil 
from rice bran, and puflFed and flaked rice were also to be 
seen. This exhibit was enclosed and surmounted like the su- 
gar exhibit, and bore the legend. "Rice Exhibit — ^Lx)uisiana." 

The following is a cc:::c"t:t :: \ :^.e :i the rice exhibit: 

Boland & Gschwind Company. L: :r Xew Orleans. — 
IModel of a complete rice milling pianL. capacitj- 600 bar- 
rels, scale I inch to foot, two full sized rice sheUers, pho- 
tographs of rice mills and interiors. 

Columbia Rice Packing Compan}-, Limited, Crowley. — ?r?::r:e 
Queen rice in cartons. 

Deere Plow Company, Moline. lU. — Model of farm wagon, 
model of gang plow for rice fields. 

\\'. W. Duson 8l Bro.. Crowley. — Rice straw paper. 

Haspel & Davis. Xew Orleans. — Carolina rice, rough. 

A. ^1. Lockett & Co., Xew Orleans. — Working model of rice 
irrigation pimiping plant of Southwestern Rice and 
Canal Company. Jennings. La., scale i inch to foot: 
^^'orthington conoidal centrifugal pump, BaU & Wood 
tandem comp. condens. engine, Worthington jet con- 
denser, Babcock & Wilcox w. t. boilers (2-), \\'arren Web- 
ster feed water heater. Worthington boiler feed pump. 

A. \'. Mevers. Point-a-la-Hache. — Sheaf rice var. Carolina. 

^lodel Works. Xew Orleans. — Model of locomotive. 



LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE 'EXPOSITION. 45 

Monitor Drill Company, Minneapolis, Minn. — Working model 
double disc rice drill. 

National Rice Milling Company, Limited, New Orleans. — 
Honduras rough rice, Honduras chaff, Honduras un- 
cleaned, Honduras meal, Honduras polish, Honduras 
fancy head, Honduras broken, Honduras brewers' rice, 
Japan rough rice, Japan chaff, Japan uncleaned, Japan 
meal, Japan polish, Japan fancy head, red rice, rough 
and polish. 

Peoples Rice Milling Company, Crowley. — Rice straw. 

Pratt Cereal Oil Company, Crowley, La. — Extracted rice 
bran, rice bran oil. 

State of Louisiana, Baton Rouge. — Japan and Honduras sheaf 
rice, model of railroad warehouse for rice, with locomo- 
tive and cars ; charts and photographs, wax model of rice 
fields, showing planting, growing and harvesting of rice, 
scale I inch to foot, 6x6 feet; flaked rice, Egyptian rice, 
Japan rice, schiratamia, miyako, fusakichi, nishigahara, 
sekitori, airau; Nesbit's gold seed rice, red rice. 

Cotton Exhibit. 

Fifteen commercial bales of cotton specially prepared for 
this exhibit by patriotic citizens of Louisiana formed a plat- 
form upon which was erected a ''Carnival King" in cotton. A 
roller gin, a saw gin with feeder and condenser, a square press 
and a round bale press, the latter run by electricity, illustrated 
the farm practice of ginning and packing cotton. A complete 
working model of a cotton seed oil mill showed the process by 
which cotton seed was converted into meal and oil. Sixty 
varieties of cotton were shown in small, neat bales weighing 
two pounds each, A stalk of cotton in wax, life size, showed 
the development of fruit, from squares, through blooms to 
ripened bolls, was exhibited under glass. Seed cottons of many 
varieties, cotton seed cake, meal and hulls, the varieties of re- 
lined oils and soap stock were extensively exhibited. The 
stages of spinning yarns were illustrated by samples of the 
raw cotton to finished threads. Manufactured cotton goods of 
many styles and varieties, the product of the Maginiiis Mills 



46 LOUISIANA AT THE L0UI5IAXA PURCHASE EXPOSITIOX. 

in Xew Orleans, completed the cotton exhibit. Around this 
exhibit were tubs of growing cotton. 

The following is a complete catalogue of the Cotton ex- 
hibit: 

T. E. Adger. Shreveport. — Bale of cotton. 

Buckeye Iron and Brass Works. Dayton, O. — AVorking model 
of accumulator system of cotton oil machinery, rollers, 
heaters, former, accumlators. pumps, presses and tanks. 

Caddo Fertilizer and Oil Company. Shreveport. — Delinted 
cotton seed, uncooked cotton seed meal, cold pressed cot- 
ton seed oil. refined. 

Peter Christo. Xew Orleans. — Silk cocoons. 

X. S. Dougherty, Baton Rouge. — Bale of cotton. 

T. 'M. Frankenbush & Sons. X'ew Orleans. — Bale of cotton. 

Glynn Planting Company. Glynn. La. — Bale of cotton. 

Louisiana Cotton Products Company, X'ew Orleans. — Round 
lap cotton bales, photographs of baling methods. 

!Mrs. H. Robert, X'ew Orleans. — Fig-ure of a man and woman 
m.ade of cotton batting. 

;Mrs. Charles Schuler. Keachie. La. — Bale Griffin upland cot- 
ton. 

Seaboard Refining Company, X'ew Orleans. — Refined cotton 
oils : Creole choice cooking oil, seapearl, prime summer 
white, white cap, summer white; sea gull, choice summer 
yellow : sea foam, butter oil : sea bird, prime summer 
yellow: Pelican, summer yellow: crude cotton oil, raw 
soap stock. 

¥. Seip, Alexandria. La. — Bale cotton. 

Standard Guano and Chemical Company. Xew Orleans — 
Chemicals and fertilizers : Muriatic acid, crude cai b. 
ammonia, bone naptha, zinc iron disinfectant, phosphoric 
acid, aqua ammonia, sulphur, gypsum, sulphate ammonia, 
pure: bone flour, ammoniated superphosphate, ground 
horn, ammonia raw bone superphosphate, dried blood. 
Eureka cabbage fertilizer, dissolved boneblack, cracked 
raw bone, kainit, g. \'ille sugar fertilizer, boneblack X'o. 
30x50. boneblack Xo. 12x30. boneblack Xo. 8x12. bone- 
black dust. 

State of Louisiana, Baton Rouge. — Statue of Rex in cotton, 
figure of darkey in cotton, life-size :' wax model of cotton 
plant. 



LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 47 

J. J. Stewart, Doyline, La. — Bale of cotton. 

Col. F. P. Stubbs, Monroe, La. — Bale of cotton. 

State Experiment Station, Baton Rouge. — Varieties of seed 
cotton: Truitt's imp.. Peerless, Hurley's, Petit Gulf, 
Welborn's Pet, Bancroft's, Peterkin, Dickson's, Tyler's 
Cluster, Hutchinson's, Boyd's Prolific, Marston's 1. s.. 
Excelsior, Atkin's, Allen's Silk, Drake's Cluster. 

Maginnis Mills, New Orleans. — Cotton goods : Drillings, 
AA, B, XX; sheetings, LL, D, EE, BX, AA; shirtings, 
B, G, AA; canton flannel 2.75; cotton yarn. 

Col. F. L. Maxwell, Mound, La. — Bale bender cotton. 

Minden Oil and Ice Company, Minden, La. — Crude cotton 
oil, cotton seed meal. 

T. W. McFarland, Chicago, 111. — Recovered cotton waste, cot- 
ton bark fibre bale covering; paper from cotton stalks, 
rice straw fibre and paper pulp. 

New Orleans Acid and Fertilizer Company, New Orleans. — 
Crescent City acid phospate. Fertilizers : Blood, bone 
and potash ; Creole sugar cane fertilizer, Louisiana Rex 
sugar cane fertilizer, orange grower, Goldsmith's im- 
proved mixture for cotton, Cuba tobacco grower, fruit 
and vine grower, rice fertilizer, coffee fertilizer, vegetable 
fertilizer. 

D. W. Pipes, Clinton, La. — Bale of cotton. 

Planters' Compress Company, New Orelans. — Working 
model Lowry bale press, Lowry baled alfalfa, timothy, 
pine needles, hemp, jute and cotton, photographs of ware- 
house scenes, etc. 

J. A. Pruhomme, Bermuda, La. — Bale of cotton. 

Ringheim-Schlichten Ramie Company, New Orleans and 
New York. — Ramie fabrics : Men's undershirts, 20, 30, 
40, 50 weigbt ; men's drawers, 20, 30, 40, 50 weight ; 
men's negligee shirts, ladies' underwear, infants' gar- 
ments, bath slippers, Ramie texture, light weights ; Ramie 
fibre, floss and growing plants. 

Sugar Experiment Station, New Orleans. — Varieties of ciU- 
ton seed. Varieties of lint cotton in two-pound bales : 
Brannon, Deering's Small Seed, Doughty 's. Hill's, 
Boyd's Prolific, Bornboton, Bancroft's, Hagerman, Grif- 
fin, Brown India, Hurley's, Ashmouni, Jackson Limbless, 
Bourleon, King's, Mitafifi, Fishl>urn, Bahniia, Wellx^rn'.- 
Pet. Louisiana India, Tyler's, Afifi, Truitt's. Egxptian, 
Culpepper, Ilamouli, White India, IVterkin, Peterkin 



48 LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

Imported, Mathew's, Abassi, Hieroglyphics, Russell's, 
Habaca, Pelican, Moore's Excelsior, Japanese, Varadi, 
Hawkin's, Buria Kupish, Peerless, Sea Island, Steckler's, 
Texas Burr, Texas Storm Proof, Drake's Cluster. Allen's 
Silk, Petit Gulf, Herlong. Jones' Improved. 
Roller Gin — Hand gin, model bale press ; cotton root bark 
for medicinal use. Collection of fibres : Cotton bark, 
palmetto, pine needle, pine bark, okra bark, jute, ramie, 
hemp, hibiscus, broom straw, basket willow. 
Union Oil Company, Limited, New Orleans. — Cotton seed 
oils and linters, cotton seed products : Union summer 
yellow, prime summer yellow. Union butter oil, off sum- 
mer yellow, lily white oil. prime summer white. Extra 
''C" soap, A and B linters, cotton seed cake, meal, meats, 
hulls, hull ashes, delinted cotton seed and soap stock. 

General Agricultural Exhibit 

consisted of every crop grown in the field and garden. Havs 
in large and small bales from numerous grasses and legumes. 
Oats, wheat, barley, rye and corn, in the sheaf as well as the 
clean grain. Fiber plants in the stalk, in the fiber and if. 
manufactured goods. Tobaccos, covering the cigar, yellow 
leaf, and Perique in all forms, leaf, cigar, cigarettes, plugs, 
fine cut, granulated, and snuff, were all in evidence. Vegeta- 
bles of all kinds, in wax, fresh and preserved, were handsome- 
ly displayed. Besides the above many firms had beautiful dis- 
plays, consisting of seeds of all kinds, implements, shrimp, 
oysters, figs, okra and other canned goods. Tabasco and 
Mexican peppers and numerous other articles were in evi- 
dence. It is a modest claim to say that Louisiana displayed a 
greater variety of products than any other State in the Union 
in the Agricultural Department. 

The agricultural exhibit was made in spaces loi and 102 of 
the Agricultural Palace. 

The International Jury of Awards gave the Louisiana State 
Agricultural Exhibit the following prizes : 

Grand Prizes, 14; Gold Medals, 36; Silver Medals, 35; 
Bronze Medals, 24. 



LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 49 

The following is a complete catalogue of the 

GENERAL AGRICULTURAL EXHIBIT: 

Abita Springs Water Co., New Orleans. — Carbonated Abita 
water, qts., pts., splits; plain Abita water, J^, i-gal. bot- 
tles ; views of Abita springs. 

L. C. Arny, New Orleans. — Beverages in bottles : lemon soda, 
champagne cider, birch beer, raspberry soda, orange wine, 
cream foam. New Orleans mead, ginger ale, celery and 
iron, lemon sour, Saratoga cream, cherry and pepsin, 
orangeade. 
Fruit syrups : Vanilla, lemon, raspberry, strawberry, pine- 
apple. 
Condiments : Creole mustard, Maunsel White, plain and 
mixed pickles, chow chow pickles, tomato catsup, evap. 
horseradish. 

Automatic Scale Co., Minden, La. — Automatic weighing and 
bagging machine. 

Barataria Canning Co., New Orleans — Large jars of shrimp, 
oysters, crabs, whole okra, figs and fig and pear jam. 
Specimen of king shrimp. 
Canned goods : Fig preserves, fig and pear jam, fresh okra, 
fresh shrimp, oysters of following brands : Uneeda, Epi- 
cure, Sunrise, Victory. 

Mrs. J. Barq, New Orleans. — Sparkling orangine beverage. 

E. R. Beauvais, New Orleans. — Perique tobacco; leaf, carrott, 
long cut, coarse cut, snuff, cigarettes, plugs and perique 
and blended cigars. 

J. O. Beck, Keatchie, La. — Large pumpkin, weight 124 lbs. 

Cage, Drew & Co., New Orleans. — Monogram roasted coffee, 
in tins; Javine. 

J. C. Camp. — Wild honey, sugar cane syrup, Mosby's prolific 
corn, sweet potatoes, cotton on stalk. 

Willis D. Coudron, New Iberia, La. — Mammoth white pea- 
nuts. 

D. C. Danove, New Orleans. — Maunsel White extract oi i)ep- 
per, 3 sizes; Spanish fishermen table sauce, Cret^le mus- 
tard, catsup. 

W. J. Dawson, Benton, La. — Strained lu^ney : nuM'ning gh^y, 
golden rod, button willow. 

G. W. Dunbar's Sons, New Orleans. — Canned ligs, large size; 
whole okra, glass jars; shrimp, glass jars; gumbd tile. 



50 LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

Louisiana sugar cane syrup, creme de vanille, creme de 
noyau, creme de rose, creme de cacao, creme de menthe, 
anisette, parfait amour. 

Fruit syrups : Lemon, English raspberry, raspberry, orgeat, 
strawberry, pineapple, rock candy, vanilla, banana, nat- 
ural, orange flower. 

Six lots of empty cans. 
Hon. W. L. Foster, Shreveport. — Alfalfa hay. 

D. Galbreath, New Orleans. — Bud transplanter for pecans, etc. 
G. E. Gilmer, Shreveport. — Golden dent corn in the ear. 

E. L. Gladnev, Bastrop, La. — Mahogany leaf tobacco, crop 

1896. 

Gulf Mfg. Co., New Orleans. — Dixie baking powder cans, 
glass sign. 

P. Irion, Cheney ville. La. — Weevil-proof corn. 

L. E. Jung, New Orleans. — Peychaud cocktails, 3/ pts., pts., 
and qts. ; Peychaud's aromatic bitter cordial, Columbo 
peptic bitters. 

P. P. Kieth, Kiethville, La. — Lespedeza. 

Frank Lachle, Shreveport. — Garber pears. 

La. State University and Agricultural and Mechanical Col- 
lege, Baton Rouge. — Views of buildings and campus, il- 
lustrations of cattle tick and the method of inoculating 
against Texas fever in cattle. 

La. State University Experiment Station, Baton Rouge. — Ci- 
gar tobacco varieties, Havana wrappers and fillers, Su- 
matra wrappers and fillers, shade grown Sumatra wrap- 
pers, cigars, tobacco seed, rust-proof red oats, broom, 
corn, new squashes. 
Varieties of sweet potatoes preserved : Archer's hybrid, As- 
bury, red Nansemond, Gen. Grant, red Bermuda, gold- 
skin, McCoy, Jersey red, ticotea, Kentucky yam, Shang- 
hai, negro choker, Peabody, up-river. Polio, Vineland 
fancy, Jersey yellow Vestats yam, Hyman, Caroline Lee, 
Dooley yam, yellow bean yam, gold coin, southern queen, 
Arkansas yellow^ yam, Florida yam, Tennessee notch leaf 
yam, vineless, Georgia yam, extra early yellow, Arizona 
prolific, pumpkin yam, yellow Nansemond. white gilk, 
Kelly bunch yam. 
Grasses : Italian rye grass, buckwheat, crimson clover, oats 
and vetch, red clover, cheat grass, burnet, burr clover, 
medick, white clover. 
Pampas plumes, palmetto hats, corn shuck collars, photos. 



LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 5 1 

George E. Mann, Dalcour P. O., La. — Broom straw and 
brooms. 

Monroe Progressive League, Monroe, La. — Views of Monroe 
and vicinity. 

Myles Salt Co., Ltd., Weeks Island, La. — Rock salt in various 
forms : rock, fine table and dairy salt. No. i ice cream, No. 
2 hides. No. 3 capping, perfumed sanitary bath salt in 4, 
25 and 50-lb. packages. 

J. Burriss McGehee, Laurel, La. — Red rust-proof oats, lespe- 
deza hay. 

J. A. Prudhomme, Bermuda, La. — Bale bermuda hay, pecans 

E. Mcllhenny's Son, New^ Iberia, La. — Tabasco sauce, tabascc 
pepper, pepper cruettes, whole tabasco peppers, six varie- 
ties peppers, preserved. 

North La. Experiment Station, Calhoun. — Bright leaf tobacco, 
kaffir corn. 
Winter wheat varieties : Red May, red wonder, fultz, beard- 
ed and beardless fulcaster. 
Barley, Georgia rye. 
Soy beans : itosan yellow, early black, green samarow, navy 

beans. 
Broom corn : Australian, Missouri evergreen, California, 

dwarf evergreen. 
Cleaned wool : Shropshire, Southdown and merino. 
Vegetables : Cucumbers, wax beans, tomatoes, cauliflower, 

sugar corn, peppers, cantaloupe, onions, radishes. 
Cotton bolls. 

Papoose Root Beer & Extract Mfg. Co., New Orleans. — Pa- 
poose root beer extract and syrup, vinegar, baking pow- 
der, vanilla sugar, mustard, Worcestershire sauce, oyster 
cocktail catsup, ideal extract of peppers, fruit svrups. 
flavoring extracts, antiseptic. 

P. A. Prudhomme, Beeville P. O., La. — Champion back band 
buckle. 

Mrs. Alice Richey, Union P. O. — Fresh fig preserves. 

Shreveport Progressive League. — Second-crop Irish pc^tatoes. 
apples, cotton stalks, literature. 

Smith Bros. Co., Ltd., New Orleans. — Uwanta canned gocxls : 
tomatoes, okra and tomato, okra, string l>eans. hma beans, 
early June peas, sugar corn, saner krout, inimpkin. sweet 
potatoes, grated pineapple, white cherries, black cherries, 
lemon cHng peaches, asparagus, oysters, slniinp. ovajio- 
rated okra. 



52 LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

Coffee : Cobana, African Java, Creole, Star Java and Mocha, 
Crescent City, Health Clnb, Gladiator, Belle of Orleans, 
Jockey Club, Climax, milk pail brands. 

W. B. Smith, Tremont, La. — Cow peas : whipporwill, un- 
known. 

State of Louisiana, Baton Rouge. — Topographic map of Lou- 
isiana 8x8^ ft., showing general agricultural features, 
scale, horizontal, 3" = io miles; vertical, i"=:i,ooo ft. 

Oyster map of Louisiana framed with oyster shells. 

Soils and subsoils of Louisiana : Acadia, Calcasieu, Caddo, 
Desoto, East Feliciana, East Baton Rouge, Lafayette, 
Natchitoches, St. James, Rapides, West Baton Rouge, St. 
Landry, St. Mary, Vernon, Orleans, Ouachita, Union, 
Madison parishes. 

Models of vegetables : cabbage, red and white onions, to- 
matoes, cucumbers, white and purple eggplant, peas, 
beans, globe artichokes, leeks, cane, carrots, turnips, cel- 
ery, radishes, beets, pumpkin, watermelon, squash, let- 
tuce, chili peppers, bell peppers, sugar corn, sweet pota- 
toes, okra, garlics. 

Pelican plaque, photos. 
J. Steckler Seed Co., Ltd., New Orleans. — Field, garden and 
grass seeds : Scarlet half-long French radish, Chartier 
radish, white Hanover turnip, golden ball turnip, Frot- 
seller's superior large late flat Dutch cabbage, white tgg 
turnip, cow horn turnip, long scarlet radish, amber globe 
turnip, early bush squasli, purple top rutabaga turnip, 
white tipped turnip radish, rouquette, green globe arti- 
choke, improved early summer cabbage, white flat Dutch 
turnip, white globe turnip, early purple-top turnip, suc- 
cession cabbage, large late drumhead cabbage. Crescent 
City flat Dutch cabbage, purple top globe turnip, white 
Vienna Kohlrabi, curled mustard, Steckler's stringless 
round pod bush beans, lady peas, rosy gem radish, chick 
millet. New Orleans market muskmelon, teosinte, Canada 
held peas, red clover, Frotscher's Creole onion, Russian 
sunflcnver. Steckler's wild cowpeas, yellow Canada corn, 
flrst-in-the-market sugar corn, Steckler's extra early peas, 
black-eyed marrowfat peas, large white marrowfat peas, 
golden yellow mammotli pumpkin, blue beauty peas, royal 
dwarf marrowfat peas, early Washington peas. Ward- 
well's kidney wax beans, early Alaska peas, best-of-a,ll 
beans. Carter's stratagem peas, Mohawk six-weeks' beans, 



LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 53 

yellow six-weeks' beans, dwarf German wax beans, Hen- 
derson's bush lima beans, Burpee's stringless beans, scar- 
let flageolet wax beans, champion of England peas, crim- 
son flageolet beans, Burpee's bush lima beans. Paragon 
peas, Grenell's dwarf golden wax beans, extra early Refu- 
gee bush beans, telephone peas, Currie's rust-proof wax 
beans, large lima beans, McLean's Advancer peas, Mc- 
Lean's Little Gem peas, Carolina of Sewee butter beans, 
Tom Thumb peas, Southern willow-leaved butter beans, 
dwarf white-seeded sugar peas, tall white-seeded sugar 
peas, golden cluster wax pole beans, melting sugar peas, 
lazy wife pole beans, Nott's Excelsior peas, white Dutch 
case-knife pole beans, Laxton's prolific long-pod peas, 
dwarf gray sugar peas, southern prolific pole beans, 
creaseback pole beans, Windsor beans, red kidney beans, 
Davis wax beans, white kidney beans, clay crowder peas, 
white crowder peas, Kentucky Wonder beans, leaming 
corn. Hickory King corn, St. Charles corn. Beauty corn, 
cashaw pumpkin, yellow Canada corn, St. Valerie carrot, 
Russell's big-boll cotton seed, Peterkin cotton seed, sea 
island cotton seed, King cotton seed, orange sorghum, 
amber sorghum, red Tennessee peanuts, white Virginia 
peanuts, chufa nuts, evergreen broomcorn, Japan clover 
or lespedeza, Alsike clover, Frotscher's eggshell pecans, 
sour orange seed, black-eyed cowpeas, citrus trifoliata, 
sweet Spanish pepper, Chili pepper, New York Market 
eggplant, Celestial pepper, canary seed, Connecticut seed 
leaf tobacco, castor beans, Trocadero lettuce, celeriac or 
turnip-rooted celery, curled chervil, corn salad, curled 
kale, Texas seed rye, Texas seed wheat, Texas red rust^ 
proof oats, palmetto asparagus, velvet okra, white-seeded' 
mustard, crimson clover, broad-leaved endive or escarole,. 
carentan leek, tall nasturtium, Italian fennel, white sweet 
peas, sage, thyme, Algiers cauliflower, Stowell's ever- 
green sugar corn, white flint corn, winter turf oats, sweet 
marjoram, anise, white French sugar beets, Pride of New^^ 
ton beans, Kentucky blue grass, English rye grass, red- 
top grass, orchard grass, wild rice, dwarf Essex raj^e, 
Johnson grass, tall meadow oat grass, rescue grass, white 
Bermuda onion, white Queen onion, early Triumph wa- 
termelon, green globe artichoke, surehead cabbage, Hub- 
bard squash, green summer crook-neck squash, early su- 
gar corn, velvet beans, (2), cluster cucumber, Cashaw 



54 LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

green-Striped crook-neck pumpkin, rice popcorn. Hon- 
duras seed rice. Bermuda grass seed. French IMarket 
okra, white Dutch clover, plain parsley, alfalfa clover, 
Russian sunflower, kaflir corn, amber sorghum, icecream 
watermelon, early Hackensack muskmelon. St. Valerie 
carrot, rattlesnake watermelon, hollow crown parsnip. 
Alabama sweet watermelon, teosinte seed. Frotscher's 
three-quarters red beet, Florida Favorite watermelon, 
scarlet half-long French carrot. Chicago early blood tur- 
nip beet, improved white spine cucumber. Egyptian early 
blood turnip beet, early blood turnip beet, Red Beauty 
popcorn, giant beggar weed. Silver Hull buckwheat, im- 
proved Royal cabbage lettuce. Rome pecans, vegetable 
marrow squash. Livingston's stone tomato, golden self- 
bleaching celery, southern coUard. Perfection Heartwell 
celery, seedling pecans. Xew Orleans Passion lettuce. 
Carentan leek. Columbian white mammoth asparagus. 
Livingston's Beauty tomato. Acme tomato, broad-leaf 
Flanders spinach, Frotscher's pecans, Steckler's pecans. 
Xew Orleans Market eggplant, green curled endive, Ger- 
man millet. Texas seed barley. Sandwich Island salsify. 

Collection of flower seeds : 

Collective exhibit of corn : Extra early dwarf sugar. Adam's 
extra early. Frotscher's Adam's early large, early sugar 
or sweet. Stowell's Evergreen sugar. Golden Beauty. 
Champion white pearl. Golden Dent Gourd seed, early 
yellow Canada, large white flint, Blunt's prolific field, 
improved leaming, ]Mosby's prolific. Hickory King white, 
white Rockdale, white St. Charles, first-in-the-markfet 
sugar corn, best-of-all corn. ^Mexican June corn, popcorn 
(rice and pearl), Frencii ^Market corn. Xe Plus Lltra 
sugar corn, yellow Creole corn, County Gentlemen. 

Garden implements : planting dibble. Excelsior weeding hoe. 
garden trowel, transplanting fork, perfection shear. Say- 
nor's pruning knife. Lewis force pump. Acme force 
pump. Deakins' brass syringe. Saynor's budding knife, 
pruning saws, sickles, hedge shears. Barnes pump. etc. 

Sugar Experiment Station. Xew Orleans. — Tea plants, cas- 
sava roots, perique tobacco. 40-lb. sweet potato. 

Forage crops : German millet. Jerusalem corn, sorghum, 
white and red kaflir corn, pearl millet, teosinte, giant beg- 
gar weed, cowpea vine, velvet bean vine, sun hemp. 

Grasses : barnyard grass, oat grass, cheat grass, rescue 



LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 55 

grass; foxtail grass, bermuda grass, crab grass, Italian 
rye grass, Johnson grass, water grass, red, white and 
crimson clover, alfalfa and vetch. These grasses also in 
bales. 

Gourds, loofa and indigo plants, peppers and okra. 

Broomcorn varieties : Australian, California, Missouri and 
Tenessee evergreen, dwarf and dwarf evergreen. 

Sugar corn varieties : Stowell's evergreen, country gentle- 
men, Ne Plus Ultra, Ferry's early, first-of-all. 

Popcorn varieties : Monarch white, silver lace, miniature, 
mapledale, white rice, new dye, white pearl, golden queen, 
Page's striped, amber rice, red beauty, red rice. 

Field corn varieties : Waterloo early dent. Queen of the 
Prairie, farmers' reliance, yellow new Madrid, Minne- 
sota king, pride of the north, legal tender, white cap dent, 
champion yellow dent, extra early Huron, early leaming, 
golden beauty, Shannon No. 3, early butler, mastodon 
dent, Cloud's yellow dent, profit corn, Iowa gold mine, 
early yellow Canada, Creole, Compton's early, Bristol 
prehistoric, bank stock. King Phillip, Lenocher's home- 
stead, Clarke's large red, primitive, white Rockdale, early 
Adams, sheep tooth, Virginia ensilage, Brazilian flour 
corn, new century wonder, pride of America, Gentry's 
early market, Iowa silver mine, Mexican June, champion 
white pearl, snowflake, Mosby's early, Virginia white 
dent, rural thoroughbred, white shoepeg, white gourd 
seed, Kansas king, St. Charles, giant broad grain, Cory's 
Klondike, hickory king, poor man's corn, Patterson, pride 
of Aiken, Maryland prolific, Blount's prolific, Cocke's pro- 
lific, white flint, early white flint, Sanford, Manhattan,. 
Sufferins, Shannon No. i, Shannon No. 2, Calhoun red- 
.cob, Marshfield white dent, farmers' pride, Virginia horse 
tooth, Bradbury, white new Madrid, Shaw's improved, 
extra early Adams, old cabin home. 

Collection of agricultural seeds: black vetcli, hairy vetch, 
kidney vetch, tephrosia, lentils, green gram pea, sun 
hemp, giant beggar weed, lespedeza, red clover, crimson 
clover, alfalfa, Johnson grass, buckwheat, speltz, broom- 
corn (dwarf, evergreen, golden, Australian and Mis- 
souri), teosinte, Japan millet, German millet, pearl millet, 
white lupin, anise, Mexican pea, coriander, rape, catiarv, 
black oats, red oats, sun flower, Idaho field pea. lionip. 
Georgia rye, barley, flaxseed. African gcx^bor, \el\o( bean, 



^6 LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

sesame, \*irginia peanut. Spanish peanut, mammoth pea- 
nut, red kaffir corn, early orange sorghum, milo maize, 
white kaffir corn, ramie, jute, loofa. gourd, soy bean, navy 
bean, horse bean. Mctoria field pea. St. Helena pea. 
Cowpeas : Indian, chocolate, extra early blackeye. brown and 
white, early brown-eye. coffee, wonderful, mush, excel- 
sior, whippoorwill. early large white, clay, black-eye. red- 
eye, spotted lady, conch, iron, black bunch, colvin. vac- 
imm, black. Taylor's, new era. lady, red ripper, crowder. 
unknown. 
Grass seeds : poa trivialis. poa aquatica. cynosurus cristatus, 
bromus mollis, amophila erecta. lolium Italianse. phleum 
pratense. festuca duriuscula. agrostis vulgare. holcus lan- 
atus. poa pratense. elymus vulgare. bromus pratensis. fes- 
tuca elatior. festuca hetercphylla. poa nemoralis. avena 
flavescens. dact\lis glomerata. phalaris arundinacea, alo- 
pecuris pratensis. avena elatior. agrostis canina. bromus 
Schraderi. panicum germanicum. 

Bernard Trappey. Jeanerette. La. — [Mexican pepper pulp. 

\'ermont Chemical Co.. Xew Orleans. — Giant baking powder, 
small, medium, large : Giant soda. lbs. : Chinese laundry 
starch, tonic powders, small and large : Elixir Al-imens. 
flavoring extracts, banana, lemon, vanilla. 

T. Ivy Watson. Calhoun. La. — Spanish peanuts, peanut vine 
hay in bales. 

Capt. J. M. \\'hite. Cedarton. La. — Cotton, swamp grass hay. 
''poor Job" hay. peanut vine hay. raw wool, providence 
rice. Mosby's prolific com. tabasco peppers, sorghuir. 
syrup, sweet potatoes, popcorn, soy beans, butter beans, 
pole beans, cow peas varieties : black, unknown, crowder. 
^vhipporwill. new era. 

E. Robichaux and Son. Raceland. La. — Photos of onion fields. 
Bavou Lafourche. 



LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 57 



Horticultural Exhibit. 

As previously mentioned, Louisiana made two exhibits in 
the Horticultural Department. On space 23 in the main part 
of the building, a most extensive display was made of pecans^ 
oranges, grape fruit, kumquats, tangerines, mandarins, peach- 
es, plums, pears, pomegranates, Japan persimmons, mes- 
pilus plums and other sub-tropical fruits. 

The following cover the contributions to this exhibit : 

Pecan Exhibit. 

Sam H. James, Mound, La. — Columbian, Giant, Cassel, Edith, 
Moneymaker, Dr. Stubbs, Brackett, Attwater, Pegram, 
Kate Schaiffer, Carman, VanDeman, Collingwood, Rus- 
sel, Perfection, Green, James, Pabst, Burnette, Seedlings 
Nos. I, 2. 3, 4, 5, 6 and/. 

J. Steckler Seed Co., New Orleans. — Centennial, Rome, Steck- 
ler, Frotscher's egg shell. Mammoth. 

W. Nelson, New Orleans. — Centennial, Frotscher's egg shell, 
Rome. 

D. Galbreath, New Orleans. — Centennial, Frotscher's egg 
shell, Rome. 

B. M. Young, Morgan Citv, La. — Stuart, Frotscher's egg 
shell. 

Dr. Y. R. LeMonnier, New Orleans. — Centennial. 

A. Voorhies,. New Iberia, La. — Several varieties, no name. 

Mrs. J. W. Pugh, St. Elmo. — St. Elmo pecans. 

Fruits — Preserved. 

State of Louisiana. — Oranges : Louisiana sweet, Washington 
navel, ruby blood, magnum bonum, Jaffa, fancy tangar- 
ine, Satsuma, Oonsion, Kumquat, pomelo. 
Figs: Brown Ischia, white Ischia, celeste, mission, black 

Marseilles, lemon, Osborn's prolific, Brunswick. 
Pears : Kieffer, sand, russet, LeConte. 

-Abundance plums, early Crawford and Elberta poaches, Ja- 
pan quince, lemons, wonderful and Spanish ruby pome- 



58 



LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 



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LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 59 

granates, grapes, blackberries, dewberries, raspberries, 
strawberries, apples, apricots. 

A. K. Clingman, Kiethville, La. — LeConte and Kieffer pears, 
Cbinese cling, Mamie Ross, Campbell and Triumph 
peaches, Kelsey plums, abundance plums, russet pears, 
Buckingham apples, Japan persimmons. 

L. J. Sanders, Plain Dealing, La. — Peaches : Chinese cling, 
Francis, McKinney May, Tuskens, Susquehanna, Tri- 
umph, Mamie Ross. 
Kieffer and early harvest pears, Kelsey and abundance 
plums, Moore's demorel grapes, reed cherries, golden 
beauty cherries. 

Louisiana State Universit}^ Experiment Station, Baton Rouge. 
Strawberries : Aroma, Seaford, Howell's, Brandywine, 
Sunrise, Gauthier, Newman, Lloyd, Darling, Champion 
of England, Shustrers gem, Edith, Bubach, Greenville, 
Murray's, Purlin, Cumberland, McKinley, Splendid, Nic- 
Omer, Hoffman, Enormous, Excelsior, Haverland, Giant, 
Crescent, Carrie, Bomba, Effing, Mary Michells, Bender- 
wood, Parson, Clyde, New York, Barton, Lady Thomp- 
son, McDowell, Victor Hugo, Vicks, Sharpless, Cyclone, 
Luther, Little, Bismarck, Muskingum, Klondyke. 
Persimmons : Yeddo Ichi, kerokume, ner zamii, tauro, 

okama, hyakume, zwingi, osoto, tagi, wild persimmon. 
Figs : Osborn prolific, Cal. black, Brunswick, Firence, plume 
branch, angulique, zimetz, Smyrna, lemon, celeste, white 
Ischia, Honcho de Bray. 

State of Louisiana. — Models of fruits in wax : Oranges, lem- 
ons, apples, pears, prickly pears, bananas, pine a])i)1e^. 
blackberries, strawberries, persimmons, maypops, figs, 
pomegranates, watermelon, plums, grapes, mangoes, 
peaches, wild persimmons. 

Fresh Fruit. 

Clingman Nursery Co., Kietlivillc, La. — Peaclics, persimmons 

and pears. 
L. T. Sanders, Plain Deahng, La. — .\l)un(laiicc plums. ("larber 

and Kieffer pears. 
P. P. Kicth, Kiethville, La. — A]>i)lcs. i)cars and w :itonnol(Mi--. 
A. B. Fisher, Doyline, La. — Grapes. 
J, S. Rolfe, Oak Ridge, La.— Apples. 
E. D. Williams, Kiethville, l>a. — \\'atcrmelons. 
F. Lachle, Shreveport, garber ])ears. 



6o LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

Mrs. M. Agers. — Pomegranates. 
J. McMullen, Stonewall, La. — McMuUen apples. 
G. Seeger, New Orleans. — Oranges and Japan persimmons. 
J. Steckler Seed Co., New Orleans. — Watermelons. 
J. Fields, Kiethville, La. — Apples. 

Louisiana State University Experiment Stations. — Calhoun: 
Crawford early and Elberta peaches; Osborn's prolific, 
lemon, Reine blanche, Brunswick, black Marseilles figs; 
Japan persimmons. 
Baton Rouge : Figs, sixteen varieties. 

Sugar Experiment Station : Japan persimmons and pomelos. 
Shreveport Progressive League, Shreveport, La. — Garber 
pears, apples, grapes, quinces. 
In the conservatory were two carloads of ornamental plants 
from New Orleans. This splendid exhibit occupied the great- 
er part of the conservatory. 

In this exhibit were twenty-eight varieties of palms, besides 
varieties of oranges, pecans, figs, pineapples, bananas, pome- 
granates, etc., and a large number of other attractive plants. 
Nearly all of the above wxre furnished by the progressive flor- 
ists of New Orleans. 

The following wdll show the contributors : 

LT. J. Virgin, New Orleans. — Latania Borbonica, Areca lute- 

scens, Areca Bauerii, Cycas revoluta, Ficus elastica, Beau- 

carnia recurvata, Pandanus Vietchii, Areca Verschaf- 

felti, Caffea arabica. 

E. Valdejo, New Orleans. — Latania Borbonica, Areca Ver- 

schaffeltti, Chamerops elegans. 
Abele Bros., New Orleans. — Chamerops excelsia, Pittosporum 

Foberii, Euphorbia antiquerum. 
J. Karcher, New Orleans. — Cocos australis. 
J. St. Mard, New Orleans. — Latania Borbonica, Pandanus 

Veitchii, Chamerops humilis, Cocos australis. 
J. Steckler Seed Co., New Orleans. — Phoenix Canariensis, 
Nephrolepsis Bostoniensis, Kentia Balmoreana, Kentia 
McArthurii, Trinax elegans, Oreodoxia regia, Cocos 
Weddelliana, Seaforthia elegans, Washingtonia filifera, 
Pandanus Veitchii, Pandanus utilis, Araucaria excelsia, 
Araucaria excelsis compacta, Araucaris Bidwellii, Cedrus 
deodora, Camphora officinalis, Kumquat, La Orange, Cy- 
cas revoluta, flowering shrubs. 



LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. bl 

D. ,Newsham, New Orleans. — Cocos Schiziphyllum, Cocos 

plumosus. Phoenix rupicola, Pritchardia Gaudichaulii, 
Pritchardia pacifica, Astrocarium Mexicana, Acrocomia 
Mexicanum, Trinax radiata, Trinax elegans, Areca Ver- 
schaffeltii, Chamerops excelsa, Areca lutescens, Rhaphis 
humilis, Rhaphis flabelliformis, Corypha Austrahs, Levis- 
tonia rotundifolia, Chamedora microphylla, Martinezia 
caryotifoHa, Areca rubra, AtteHa cohune, Dracaenia mes- 
sengiana, Anthurium ferriensis, Anth. magnificum, Anth. 
crystalHna, Aralia Sieboldii, Araha Vietchii, Aralia V. 
Gracihinum, AraHa chalerii, Matanta rosea hnat, Euch- 
aris Amazonica, Heliconia aurea striata, Aspidestra lu- 
rida, Aspidestra lurida variegata, Alsophila Australis, 
DevaHa Var., Adiantum Formosum, Adiant. princeps, 
Adiant. decorum, Dracaenia fragrans, Pandanus Vietchii, 

E. Zbinden, New Orleans. — Phoenix sylvestris. 
Mrs. Anna Kouns, New Orleans. — Boston ferns. 

J. Eblen, New Orleans. — Areca lutescens, Caryoto urens, Sae- 
forthia elegans, Adiantum Rochfordiana. 

C. El)le, New Orleans. — Ficus nitida, Latania Borbonica, 
Phoenix reclinata, Rhaphis flabelliformis. Yucca glorioso, 
Hibiscus var., Cestrum nocturnum, Duranta plumerii, 
Nephrolepsis Piersoni. 

H. Rehm, New Orleans. — Kentia Balmoreana, Cycas revo- 
luta, Nephrolepsis davoloides furgans. 

Mrs. F. Bryant, New Orleans. — Cocos plumosus, Rhaphis fla- 
belliformis. 

A. Wicher, Gretna, La. — Pomegranate and orange trees, col- 
lection of Amaryllis and Crinum. 

Quinette Bros., New Orleans. — Sour orange, celeste fig, pome- 
granate and china berry trees. 

A. Commander, New Orleans. — Mandarine, Tangarine, Sat- 
suma, Washington navel, Kumquat orange trees; grape 
fruit tree. 

Louisiana Sugar Experiment Station, New Orleans. — Tangar- 
ine, grape fruit, Satsuma, Celeste fig trees, banana, tea 
and sugar cane plants. 



02 LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 



Forestry Exhibit. 

Prof. \V. R. Dodson. of the State Experiment Station, went 
over the entire State and selected specimens of even- variety- of 
forest growth. These specimens were properly dried and 
typical trunk sections and boards, three to four feet long, were 
carefully cut from them* and given the treatment needed to 
prepare them for exhibit. Manufactured anicles from woods — 
consisting of all kinds of furniture, doors, window frames 
mantels, trays, oars. hubs, spokes. fellc»es. ax and hoe handles 
chair bottoms, baseball bats, cooperage, boxes, staves, cisterns 
moldings, floorings. ceiHngs. hccps. etc.. were abundantly 
shown. 

Samples of pine trees showing the process of bleeding for 
turpentine, with the implements used in this industry-, together 
with the products, resin, turpentine, tar and pitch, made a ver}- 
instructive exhibit. Bales of Spanish moss, showing grade-^ 
from crude moss to vegetable hair, and horse collars, blankets, 
cushions, etc.. made therefrom added greatly to the attractive- 
ness and value of the display. Long leaf and short leaf pine, 
including curly pine, were shown in abundant quantities and 
varieties, g^enerouslv furnished bv a few of our sawmills. 

The following were contributors to this exliibit : 

T. E. Adger. Alden Bridge. — Specimens of hickor}- canes and 
handles. 

Allen and Curry. Shreveport. — Carved oak and curly pine 
mantel. 

Brooklyn Cooperage Co.. Xew Orleans. — Cypress cooperage 
in barrel, half-barrel, quarter-barrel and keg sizes. 

Bunon Lumber Co.. Baton Rouge. — Samples of Best and 
Prime shingles. 

Crescent Cit\- Moss Ginner\-. — Prepared moss : X. XX. 
XXX. Vegetine. 

Donaidsonville Moss Collar Co. — Samples of moss horse col- 
lars and mattrass: saddle blankets. 



LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 63 

New Orleans Furniture Mfg. Co. — Victoria bedroom suite, 
made of Louisiana quartered oak, consisting of bed, 
dresser, washstand and wardrobe and complete with mat- 
tress, pillows, tester and mosquito bar. 

New Orleans Naval Stores Co. — Prime spirits of turpentine ; 
rosins : WW, WG, N, M, K, I, H, G, F, E, and D. Pho- 
tographs. 

Noah Cloud, Pine Ridge. — Red cedar lumber. 

Louis Kohlmann, New Orleans. — Prepared Spanish moss : X, 
XX, XXX, vegetable hair. 

Louisiana Long Leaf Pine Lumber Co. — Framed view of 
plant. 

Minden Hard Wood Co. — Axe and hammer handles made of 
hickory. 

Monroe Sash and Door Co. — Specimens of poplar, hght and 
dark cypress, hickory, ash, red gum, tupelo gum, quarter 
sawed oak, red oak, yellow pine, curly pine, rift pine and 
walnut dressed lumber. 

W. P. Richardson, New Orleans. — Fat pine knots, distillation 
products, pine knots, crude turpentine, refined turpentine, 
wood alcohol, pyroligneous acid, tar, tar oil and charcoal. 

Whited & Wheless, Alden Bridge. — Samples of moldings, 
door and window facings, base boards, etc., made of short 
leaf pine. 

State of Louisiana. — Relief map of State showing distribution 
of particular forest areas ; trunk sections of the following 
varieties of trees : lowland post oak, post oak, willow oak, 
laurel oak, white oak, Spanish oak, pin oak, evergreen 
pin oak, highland willow oak, black jack oak, Texas oak, 
cow oak, moss cup oak, red oak, black oak, overcup oak, 
peach tree oak, poplar, walnut, basswood, china berry, 
cherry, beech, birch, white bay, scaly bark hickory, blue 
ash, long leaf pine, pond pine, ironwood, black gum, red 
gum, black hickory, honey locust, persmmion, red maple, 
toothache tree, thorn locust, loblolly pine, red cedar, sas- 
safras, yellow ash, tupelo gum, magnolia, osage orange, 
short leaf pine, slippery elm, red cherry, pinus mitis, blue 
ash, hickory, pecan, sycamore, liitter pecan, black cotton- 
wood, sweet bay, dogwood, mulberry, Jersey ])ino, cotton- 
wood, white hickory, cypress, cypress knees, i^nc trees, 
scarified, to show the production of resin ; bark o\ the 
cork oak from Jefferson parish. 



64 



LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 



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LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 65 

Forest tree seeds: Cephalantiius, juniperus, tilia, pinus 
rigicla, nyssa, chinquapin, betula, alnus, ulmiis, taxodium, 
quercus Michauxii, O lyrata, Q palustris, O nigra, fal- 
cata, O phellos, Q alba, fraxinus, asamina, diospyrus, 
carpinus, liquidamber, acer, maclura. 

Cypress exhibit : Section of cypress, 5 ft. diameter ; cypress 
boards, 4 ft. 9 inches; 4 ft., 3 ft. wide; planks 3 ft. by i(S 
ft.; 2}^ ft., 2 ft., i^ ft., I ft. wide by 15 ft. long, dressed; 
door and frame, window and frame, 4 doors of curly 
cypress, knewell post, mantels, cypress shingles. 

Pine exhibit : Sections of long and short leaf pine trees, 4 ft. 
diam., pine lumber dressed, curly pine dressed, moldings, 
etc., pine needle fibre, pine cones, pine bark fibre. 

Turpentine industry : Scarified pine trees, pine resin, rosin, 
spirits turpentine, tar, charcoal. Implements used in tur- 
pentine orcharding : axes, triangular cutters, round cut- 
ters, weighted cutters, paddles ; photos. 

BamboO' canes; palmettos; Spanish moss; black jack vine; 
grape vine. 

Dressed and polished boards : Long and short leaf pine, 
Jersey pine, loblolly pine, pond pine, red cedar, cypress, 
blue ash, persimmon, red maple, holly, black gum, beech, 
magnolia, tupelo gum, soft maple, honey locust, tooth- 
ache tree, cottonwood, black cottonwood, yellow n:)nlar. 
elm, birch, scaly ]>ark hickory, catalpa, basswood, c|uar- 
tered beech, red cherry, china berry, walnut, sweet bay, 
ironwood, sycamore, quartered hickorv, white ash, velk^w 
ash, sassafras, box elder, bitter pecan, dogwood, mul- 
berry, sumach, hornbeam, horse haw, bumeha, red haw, 
wild plum, possumberry, hop hornbeam, osage orange, 
1)utt()nbush, buckeye, hackberry. 

Oaks : Black jack, mossy cu]), scarlet, pin, peachtree, over- 
cup, Spanish, evergreen, black, water, cow, willow, red. 
burr, white, laurel, turkey. 

Stained and j^olished l^oards (golden, brown. anti(|ue) : 
Black oak, scarlet oak, water oak. willow oak. Spanisii 
oak. 

Poplar, mahogaiiy slaiued ; yellow ash, light and dark stain: 
pine, dark. 

Articles showing uses ot Louisiana woods: r):iscb:dl hats, 
oars, hubs of ash; baskets, butter plates, chair seats, ol 
elm; fruit boxes, l)rea(l boards, bread tr:i\s. ol' p<iplar and 



LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 67 

gum; butter molds, butter paddles, clothes pins, faucets, 
shoe lasts, of beech ; cooperage of cypress and white oak 
and cedar; handles, felloes, spokes, single and double- 
trees, shafts, barrel staves, of hickory and white oak; 
laths and shingles, paddles oi cypress ; 4- foot bowl of Cot- 
tonwood ; vinegar measures of beech ; baskets of bamboo 
and willow; palmetto hats, moss horse collars and mat- 
tresses. 
Photos illustrating the lumber industries of the State, log- 



('-■h' LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 



Fish and Game Exhibit. 

In tlie fis'b and game exhibit which occupied space 38 in the 
Forestry Building-, were found most of the fish and game 
which in.liabit this State either temporarily or permanently. 
Included in these were several very rare specimens of more 
dian ordinary interest: these were as follows: "Feathered eel." 
or "Irish eel" (Gobiodes brosonnettii). This rare fish, im- 
properly called an eel, was represented by one specimen in the 
Louisiana exhibit. The attention of Dr. Tarleton H. Bean, in 
charge of the Department of Fish and Game at the Louisiana 
Purchase Exposition, was drawn to the specimen in the Lou- 
isiana exhibit, as well as to a single specimen in the Missis- 
sippi exhibit, both of which specimens were captured at some 
point near New Orleans, and delivered to the taxidermist who 
prepared the exhibits of both States. Dr. Bean had consid- 
ered this one of the rarest of all American fishes, and his previ- 
ous discovery of a single specimen had been the subject of a 
special communication to several scientific journals. In view^ 
of the fact that t\vo specimens had been secured near New 
Orleans, he was inclined to think that the fish might not be 
quite so rare in this vicinity as in other parts of its habitat. 

\\diile the fish of the exhibit numbered about forty species, 
and while the reptiles and mammals were represented by the 
principal characteristic species, it was the bird collection that 
was most interesting. The birds were shown in fifteen cases, 
of which seven large ones, together with two similar cases of 
mammals, were ranged along the rear wall of the exhibit. The 
central one of these seven cases, and to a certain extent also the 
adjacent ones, formed the most conspicuous and prominent 
part of the entire exhibit. They closed the central view 
through the exiiibit from the buildino- aisle on which the ex- 
hibit faced. The central case contained twelve of the seven- 
teen species of herons, ibises, etc., known to occur in Louisi- 
ana. The rarest of the specimens shown was the scarlet ibis. 



LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 69 

According to the taxidermist, this specimen was killed at least 
fifteen years ago by a Creole hunter on the shores of Lake 
Ponchartrain near New Orleans. While Audubon writes of 
having seen the scarlet ibis in Louisiana at a distance, and 
while there are other reports of its occurrence within the con- 
fines of the State, this is the only specimen captured in Lou- 
isiana that has been produced for inspection up to date. 

The birds in the case to the right of the heron case were the 
vultures of Louisiana, the two species, the turkey buzzard, and 
the black vulture, or carrion crow. On the other side were 
the pelicans and other characteristic water birds. 

The small birds were shown in two cases, each case contain- 
ing two groups. Li one case were the greater number of the 
resident small birds of the State and the winter visitors, while 
in the other case were the brightly colored summer visitors 
and transient migrants of spring and fall. A high degree of 
excellence as regards completeness of representation of species 
was attained in this section of the exhibit. The total number 
of species shown in the entire exhibit was about 175, and of 
this number fully a iiundred species were small birds. The 
rarest specimen of these birds was a snow bunting ( Plectro- 
phenax nivalis). This particular bird is said to have been 
taken at New Orleans in a severe winter, about 1884, ^^'^^^ is 
2>robahly the only specimen ever noted so far South. The bird 
is rarely ever seen so far south as 34 or 35 degrees N. Many 
of the uncommon birds of the State were to be seen in these 
cases, as, for instance, the Svvainson warbler, the bay-breasted 
warbler, the white-crowned sparrow, tlie Philadel])hia \ireo. 
etc., etc. 

The game birds of the State were shown in a \arict\- thai 
included nearly every one of the im[)ortant species, and some 
of the rarer ones also. The collection of ducks. espccialK . was 
unusually complete, in fact on]\' abont six kinds were nnssing 
from the twent\' odd species known tooccnr in Louisiana. 
The uncommon fnlxons tree-duck (Dcndrocxgna fuKa) w.i- 
one ot the especially interesting specimens. 



70 LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 



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LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 7I 

One of the rarer birds of the exhibit was the httle black rail 
(Porzana jamaicensis). 

Complete catalogue of Louisiana fish and game exhibit : 

Fish. 

Southern Stingray (Dasyatis sabina) ; Paddlefish, or 
Spoonbill Catfish (Polyodon spathula) ; Lake Sturgeon (Aci- 
penser rubicundus) ; Short-nosed Garfish (Lepisosteus platos- 
tomus) ; Alligator Garfish (L. tristoechus) ; Shoupique, or 
Mudfish (Amia calva) ; Gaff Topsail Catfish (Felichthys mar- 
inus) ; Mississippi Catfish (Ictalurus furcatus) ; Small- 
mouthed Buffalo-fish (Ictiobus bubalus) ; Common Eel (An- 
guilla chrysypa) ; Flyingfish (Exocoetus?) ; Common Mullet 
(Mugil cephalus) ; Spanish Mackerel ( Scomberomorus macu- 
latus) ; Jack Fish, or Caranx (Caranx hippos) ; Pompano 
(Trachinotus carolinus) ; Bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix) ; 
Calico Bass (POmoxis sparoides) ; Warmouth Bass (Qiaeno- 
bryttus gulosus) ; Blue-gilled Sunfish (Lepomis pallidus) ; 
Large-mouthed Black Bass (Microptreus salmoides) ; Yellow 
Bass (Morone interrupta) ; Red Snapper (Neomaenis aya) ; 
Sheepshead (Archosargus probatocephalus) ; Spotted Sque- 
t'eague, or ''Speckled Trout" (Cynoscion nebulosus) ; Chan- 
nel Bass, or ''Redfish" (Sciaenops ocellatus) ; Croaker (Mi- 
cropogon undulatus) ; American Whiting, or ''Ground Mul- 
let" (Menticirrhus americanus) ; Seabass. or Blackfish (Ser- 
ranus atrarius) ; Sea Drum (Pogonias cromis) ; Gaspergou. 
or Freshwater Drum (Aplodinotus grunniens) ; Southern 
Flounder (Paralichthys lethostigmus) ; "Silver Eel" (Trichi- 
urus lepturus) ; "Feathered Eel," or "Irish Eel" (Gobioides 
brO'Ssonnettii). Tarpon: a splendid mounted specimen was 
kindly lent by Mr. Jolin Dymond, Jr. 

Batrachians and Reptiles. 

Latreille's Toad (lUrfo Icnliginosus Icntiginosus) ; Leopard 
Frog; Common Water h'rog ( Rana ])ipiens) ; lUiU Frog 
(Rana catesl>iana) ; Horned Snake ( l^\'n-ancia abacura) : Ived 
Kingsnake (Ophibolns s]). ) ; Kin^-Snake (()])hib(^his gcttuhis 
sayi) ; l^)lack Runner (Bascanium constrictor) ; Coach-whip 
Snake (B. (lagellum) ; Live (^ak Snake ( C'ohilier ciMifniis) : 
Long's Garter vSnnke ( luilacnia proxima) ; Ciraham's Watc 
Snake (Nalrix grahamii); L.anck'd Water Snake ( \. t'aseia- 



'/Z LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

ta) ; \\'ater Snake ( N. fasciata sipedon) ; Woodhouse's Water 
Snake (X. fasciata transversa): Copperhead Moccasin (An- 
cistroden contortix) ; W^ater ]\Ioccasin, or ''Cottonmouth" (A. 
piscivoriis) : Ground Rattlesnake (Sistrurus miliarius) ; Band- 
ed Rattlesnake (Crotalus adamanteus) ; Alligator Lizard 
(Sceleporus nndulatus) ; Green Lizard, or ''Chameleon" 
(Anolis carolinensis) ; Soft-shelled Turtle (Aspidonectes as- 
per) ; Snapping Turtle (Chelydra sercentina) ; Alligator 
Snapper, or Freshwater Loggerhead (Macrochelys lacertina) ; 
Mudbox (Cinosternum louisianae) ; Florida Cooter (Pseu- 
demys concinna) ; Cumberland Terrapin (Pseudemys e}e- 
gans) ; Diamondback, or Saltwater Terrapin ( Malaclemmys 
centrata) ; Alligator (A. mississippiensis). 

Birds. 

Pied-billed Grebe ( Podilymbus podiceps) ; Loon (Gavia 
imber) ; Laughing Gull (Larus atricilla) ; American Herring 
Gull (Larus argentatus) ; Forster's Tern (Sterna forsteri) ; 
Black Tern (Hydrochelidon niger surinamensis) ; Anihniga, 
or Snakebird (Anhinga anhinga) ; Florida Cormorant (Pha- 
lacrocorax dilophus floridanus) ; Brown Pelican (Pelecanus 
fuscus) : American A\'hite Pelican (P. erythrorhynchos) ; Fri- 
gate, or ]\Ian-'o-war Bird ( Fregata aquila) ; Red-breasted 
^Merganser (Merganser serrator) ; "Bec-scie," or Hooded 
Merganser (Lophodytes cucullatus) ; ^Mallard Duck (Anas 
boschas) ; Florida Duck (Anas fulvigula) Gadwall (Chaule- 
lasmus streperus) ; Baldpate ( ]\Iareca americana) ; Green- 
winged Teal (Xettion carolinensis) ; Blue-winged Teal 
(Querquedula discors) ; Shoveller (Spatula clypeata) ; Pintail 
Duck (Dafila acuta) ; Wood Duck f Aix sponsa) ; Canvas-back 
Duck (Ayhtya vallisneria) ; Lesser Scaup ( Ayhtya affinis) : 
Ring-necked Duck, or "Black Duck" (Ayhtya collaris) ; Gol- 
den eye (Clangula clangula americana); Bufflehead (Chari- 
ris) ; Golden eve (Clangula clangula americana); Bufflehead 
tonetta albeola) : Ruddy Duck ('Erismatura iamaicensis) ; 
Blue Goose (Chen coerulescens) ; Lesser Snow Goose (Chen 
hyperlx)rea) ; Am. White-fronted Goose (Anser albifrons 
gambeli) ; Canada Goose (Branta canadensis) ; Fulvous Tree 
Duck (Dendrocygna fulva) ; Roseata Spoonbill (Aiaia aiaia) ; 
White Ibis (Guara alba) ; Scarlet Ibis (G. rubra) : American 
Bittern (Botaurus lentiginosus) ; Least Bittern (Ardetta ex- 
ilis) Great Blue Heron (Ardea herodias) ; Snowy Heron (Ar- 



LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. /J 

dea candidissima) ; Louisiana Heron (Ardea tricolor ruficol- 
lis) ; Little Blue Heron (Ardea coerulea) ; Green Heron (Ar- 
dea virescens) ; Black-crowned Night Heron (Nycticorax 
nycticora naevius) ; Yellow-crowned Nig'ht Heron (N. yiola- 
ceus) ; King Rail (Rallus elegans) ; Clapper Rail (R. crepi- 
tans) ; Virginia Rail (R. virginianus) ; Sora (Porzana Caro- 
lina) ; Little Black Rail (P. jamaicensis) ; Purple Gallinule 
(lonornis martinica) ; Florida Gallinule (Gallinula galeata) ; 
American Coot, or "Poule d'eau" (Fulica americana) ; Wood- 
cock (Philohela minor) ; Wilson's Snipe (Gallinago delicata) ; 
Long-billed Dowitcher, or Red-breasted Snipe (Macrorham- 
phus griseus scolopaceus) ; Pectoral Sandpiper, or "Cherook" 
(Tringa maculata) ; Least Sandpiper (Tringa minutilla) ; 
Greater Yellow-legs (Totanus melanoleucos) ; Lesser Yellow- 
legs (T. flavipes) ; Solitary Sandpiper (Helodromus solita- 
rius) ; Willet ( Symphemia semipalmata) ; Spotted Sandpiper 
(Actitis macularia) ; Long-billed Curlew (Numenius longir- 
ostris) ; Kildeer ( Oxyechus vociferus) ; Semipalmated Plover 
(Aegialitis semipalmata) ; Bob-Avhite (Colinus virginianus) ; 
Attwater's Prairie Hen (Tympanchus americanus attwateri) ; 
Wild Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) ; Mourning Dove (Zen- 
aidura earel macroura) ; Ground Dove (Columbigallina pas- 
serina terrestris) ; Turkey Buzzard (Cathartes aura) ; Black 
Vulture, or "Carrion Crow" (Catharista urubu) ; Mississippi 
Kite (Ictinia mississippiensis) ; Sharp-shinned Hawk (Accip- 
iter velox) : Cooper's Hawk (A. cooperi) ; Red-tailed Hawk 
(Buteo borealis) ; Red-shouldered Hawk (Buteo lineatus) ; 
Bald Eagle (Haliaetus leucocephalus) ; Duck Hawk ( Falco 
peregrinus anatum) ; Sparrow Hawk (Falco sparverius) ; 
American Osprey (Pandion haliaetus caroHnensis) ; American 
Barn Owl ( Strix pratincola) ; Siiort-eared Owl (Asio accip- 
itrinus) ; Barred Owl (Syrnium varium) ; Florida Screech 
Owl (Megascops asio floridanus) ; Great Horned Owl (BuIk* 
virginianus): Yellow-billed Cuckoo ( Coccyzus americanus"^: 
Belted Kingfisher (Ceryle alcyon) : Southern Hairv Wood- 
pecker (Picus villosus auduboni) : Down}- W<^(^(l])ecker ( Picus 
pubescens) ; Yellow-bellied Woodpecker ( Si)h\ ra])irus \a 
rius) : Pileated Woodpecker (Ceophloeus pilcitus) ; Ivcd- 
lieaded Woodpecker ( Melanerjies erytlu-oce])hahis ) ; l^lickcr 
(Colaptes auratus) : Nipjilhawk ( Chordcik's \iroinianns) : 
Chimney Swift ( diactura i)el:ioica ) ; Rnbv-throatod Hum 
mingbird ( Trochilns cohibris); Scissor-taik^l l'd\ca(cbci- 
(MiKuhis forliratiis) : Kingbii'd ( Tyraniiiis t\raiiniis) ; Cros!- 



74 LOUISL\XA AT THE LOUI5L\XA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

ed Flycatcher iMyiarchus crinitus ) : Phoebe i Sayiornis phoe- 
be) : Wood Pewee i^Contopus virensj ; Green-crested Fly- 
catcher I Empidonax virescens) ; Traill's Flycatcher (E. 
trailli) ; Blue Jay ( Cyanocitta cristata) ; .\merican Crow 
(^Conus americanusj ; Bobolink i Dolichonyx on-zivorus) ; 
Cowbird Ololothrus ater) : Red-winged Blackbird (Agelaius 
phoeniceus) : Meadow Lark (^Sturenlla magna argutula) : Or- 
chard Oriole i Icterus spurius ) : Baltimore Oriole (I. gal- 
bula ) : Rusty Blackbird t Scolecophagus carolinus) : Florida 
Grackle ( Ouiscalus quiscula aglaeus) : Boat-tailed Crackle 
(Megaquiscalus major): Purple Finch ( Carpodacus purpu- 
reus) : -\merican GMdhnch ( Astragalinus tristis) : Pine Sis- 
kin ( Spinus pinus ) : \'esper Sparrow t Pooecetes gramineus) ; 
Savana Sparrow ( Passerculus sandwichensis savana) : Grass- 
hopper Sparrow i Cotumiculus savanarum passerinus) : Lou- 
isiana Seaside Sparrow ( Ammodramus maritimus lisheri) ; 
Lark Sparrow (Qiondestes grammacus) : White-crowned 
Sparrow i Zonotrichia leucophr}-5 ) ; White-throated Sparrow 
( Z. albicollis) : Chipping Sparrow I Spizella socialis) : Field 
Sparrow ( S. pusilla) : Junco i Tunco hyemalis^ : Bachman's 
Sparrow ( Peucaea aestivalis bachmani) : Song Sparrow iMel- 
ospiza cinerea melodia) : Swamp Sparrow ( INlelospiza georgi- 
ana) : Towhee ( Pipiio ersthrophthalmus) : Cardinal iCardi- 
nalis cardinalis") : Rose-breasted Crosbeak ( Zamleodia ludo^4- 
ciana) : Indigo Bunting ( Cyanospiza cynaea) : Painted Finch 
(Xyanospiza ciris ) :) : Summer Tanager i Piranga rubra) : 
Scarlet Tanager fP. ervthromelas) ; Purple Martin i Progne 
subis) ; Barn Swallow i Hirundo er\i:hrogaster ) : White-bel- 
lied Swallow ( Tachycinetta bicolor) : Rough-winged Swallow 
( Stegidoptervx serripennis) : Cedar-bird f Am.pelis cedro- 
rimi) ; Loggerhead Shrike (Lanius ludovicianus ) : Red-eyed 
Vireo (Vireo olivaceus) : Philadelphia ^'ireo (V. philadelphi- 
cus) ; Yellow-throated Mreo (Y. flavifrons) : Solitary Vireo 
(V. solitarius ) : White-eyed Vireo (V. noveboracensis) : 
Black-and-white Warbler T^NIinatilta varia) : Prothonotar}- 
warbler ( Protono taria citrea) : Swainson's Warbler I'Heli- 
naia swainsonii) : \\'orm-eating Warbler ( Helmitherus ver- 
mivorus) ; Blue-winged Warbler i Helminthophila pinus): 
Orange-crowned Warbler ( H. celata) : Tennessee AVarbler 
(H. peregrina ) : Blue Yellow-backed Warbler f Compsothlyp- 
is americana) : Yellow Warbler (Dendroica aestiva) : Myrtle 
Warbler i D. coronata) : ^Magnolia Warbler ( D. maculosa): 
Cerulean A\'arbler ( D. rara) : Chestnut-sided Warbler TD. 



LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 75 

pennsylvanica) ; Bay-breasted Vv^arbler (D. castanea) ; Syca- 
more Warbler (D. dominica albilora) ; Pine Warbler (D. vig- 
orsii) ; Palm Warbler (D. palmarum) ; Ovenbird (Seiurus 
aurocapillus) ; Louisiana Water-thrush (S. motacilla) ; Ken- 
tucky Warbler (Geothlypis formosa) ; Maryland Yellow- 
throat (G. trichas) ; Yellow-breasted Chat (Icteria virens) ; 
Hooded Warbler (Sylvania mitrata) ; American Redtsart 
(Setophaga ruticilla) ; American Pipit (Anthus pennsylvani- 
cus) ; Sprague's Pipit (A. spragueii) ; Mockingbird (Mimu.- 
polyglottus) ; Catbird (Galeoscoptes carolinensis) ; Brown 
Thrasher (Harporhynchos rufus) ; Carolina Wren (Thrytho- 
rus carolinus) ; Bewick's Wren (Thryomanes bewickii) ; 
House Wren (Troglodytes aedon) ; Winter Wren (Olbiorchi- 
lus hyemalis) ; Cistothorus stellaris ; Brown Creeper (Cer- 
thia familiaris americana) ; White-breasted Nuthatch (Sitta 
carolinensis) ; Brown-headed Nuthatch (Sitta pusilla) ; Tufted 
Titmouse (Parus bicolor) ; Carolina Chicadee (Parus caro- 
linensis) ; Golden-crowned Kinglet (Regulus sattrapa) ; Ruby- 
crowned Kinglet (R. calendula) ; Blue-gray Gna^catcher (Po- 
lioptila cocrulea) ; Wood Thrush (Hylocichla mustelina) ; 
Wilson's Thrush (H. fuscescens) ; Gray-cheeked Thrush (H. 
ustulata swainsoni) ; Hermit Thrush (H. aonalaschae palla- 
si); American Robin (Merula migratori) ; Bluebird (Sialin 
sialis). 

Mammals. 

Common Mole (Scalops aquaticus) ; Wild Cat (Lynx ru- 
fus floridanus) ; Brown Mink (Lutreola lutreocephala vulgi- 
vagus) ; Common Skunk (Mephitis mesomelas) ; Otter (Lu- 
tra canadensis lataxina) ; Black Bear (Ursus luteolus) ; Rac- 
coon (Procyon lotor) ; Opossum (Didelphys virginianus) : 
Louisiana Fox Squirrel (Seiurus rufiventer) ; Gray Squirrel 
(Seiurus carolinensis) ; Flying Squirrel (Sciuropterus vo- 
lans) ; Cotton Rat (Sigmodon hispidus) ; Musk Rat (Fiber 
zibethicus rivalicius) ; Southern Cottontail Rabbit (Lepus 
floridanus) ; Virginia Deer (Odocoileus virginanus louisi- 
anae). 



yb LOUISIANA AT THE I-OUISIAXA PL'RCHASE EXPOSITION. 



Mines and Metallurgy. 



In space 51 in the palace of Alines and ^Metallurgy, Louisi- 
ana had a verv attractive exhibit. The walls enclosinsr this 
exhibit were made of large bricks of salt and sulphur. 

In the center of this space was a large topographical map oi 
the State, showing the different geological horizons and the 
location of the various mineral deposits of Louisiana, a splen- 
did work of art and scientifically accurate, having been pre- 
pared by Dr. G. D. Harris of the State Geologinl Survey. 

An immense display of sulphur, salt and petroleums sur- 
rounded this map, while cubes of polished marble, refined pro- 
ducts of petroleum, lignite, sandstones, iron ores, artificial 
stone, pressed, fire and common brick occupied the background. 
The walls were adorned with large photos illustrating the 
manner of working the sulphur mines and showing the flow 
of oil from gushers. 

This exhibit attracted universal attention and emphasized 
the erroneousness of the prevalent opinion that Louisiana was 
not a mineral State. The sulphur exhibit was critically in- 
spected and the extent of the mines investigated by foreign 
visitors, with the result of the publication of a score or more 
of lengthy papers in the scientific magazines of Europe upon 
this wonderful mine and its menace to the sulphur beds of 
Italy. A further benefit from this exhibit may be mentioned 
in the large and continuous shipments now going on of sul- 
phur to the various European ports. The marble also caught 
the eye of Eastern and Western men, as proved by subsequent 
investigations looking to its utilization in the manufacture of 
cement, soon to be recjuired by the Panama Canal in such largv 
quantities. The location of some of these beds of marble near 
the lignitic coal deposits of the State and hard by the central 
prairies of calcareous clays, renders certain the construction 
of cement works, as soon as the railroads of this section, now 
being rapidly built, will furnish the necessary cheap transpor- 
tation of these raw^ ingredients. 

Below is appended a list of contributors to this exhibit : 



LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. ']'] 

CATALOGUE OF THE MINERAL EXHIBIT OF LOUISIANA. 

Union Sulphur Co., Sulphur, La. — Pyramid of sulphur, 12 
feet tall, stalagmite of sulphur, crude sulphur in lumps 
and in the form of blocks, molded; native crystallized sul- 
phur section of a well boring, sample of crude petroleum 
and large photos illustrating the mining of sulphur. 

Heywood Bros., Jennings, La. — Collection of Louisiana pe- 
troleums from Jennings, Crowley and Welsh; Crowley 
Petroleum Co., well No. i ; Crowley Petroleum Co., well 
No. 2 ; Crowley Petroleum Co., well No. 3 ; Crowley Pe- 
troleum Co., w^ell No. 4; Crowley Petroleum Co., well 
No. 6; Crowley Petroelum Co., well No. 7: Crowdey Pe- 
troleum Co., well No'. 8; Crowley Petroleum Co., well 
No. 9; Crowley Petroleum Co., well No. 10; Jennings 
Oil Co., well No. 2 ; Jennings Oil Co., well No. 3 ; Jen- 
nings Oil Co., well No. 5 ; Jennings-Heywood Oil Co. 
Syndicate, well No. i ; Hane Oil Co., well No. i ; Swift 
Oil Co., well No. I ; Pelican Oil Co., well No. i ; Hey- 
wood Bros. Oil Co., well No. i ; Layne Oil Co., well No. 
I ; Lake Oil Co., well No. i ; Superior Oil Co., well No. 
2 ; S. H. and James Keoughan Co., well No. i ; Produ- 
cers Oil Co., well No. I ; Producers Oil Co., well No. 2 ; 
Producers Oil Co., well No. 3; Southern Oil Co., well 
No. 4; Southern Oil Co., well No. 6 and 7; Bienville Oil 
Co., well No. I and 2; Morse Oil Co., well No. i, 2 and 
3; Northern Oil Co., well No. i, 2, 3 and 4; Union Sul- 
phur Co., Sulphur City, crude petroleum. 

Record Oil Refining Co., New Orleans and St. Bernard Par- 
ish. — Petroleum distillation products : Prime white and 
water white headlight oil ; red-ruby and pale engine oil ; 
yellow neutral, black cylinder, and' black oil ; liquid .-nhl 
hard asphaltum. Crude oil from Jennings. 

Myles Salt Co., New Orleans and Weeks Island, La.— Rock 
salt in blocks and lumps ; heroic statue representing Lot's 
wife carved ixo\\\ rock salt; manufactured saU ; luni]>. No. 
I ice cream. No. 2 hides. No. 3 capjiing, coarse, line tabk^ 
and dairy, sanitary bath salt and selected crvstals. 

Avery Salt Mining Co.', Avery Island, La.— Rock salt in hinips 
and manufactured salt in sacks of 250, uxr ^io, 2^, 10. q. 
3, 2 and one ]X)und weight ; himp. Xos. 1. 2, 3, coarse and 
fine salt. 

W. P. Richardson, New (Orleans. — Licpiid sih'catc of sc^da, two 
grades. 



LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION, 



Salmen Brick and Lumber Co., New Orleans and Slidell. La. 
— Pressed and ornamental bricks. 

Shreveport Brick Co. — Pressed and molded bricks. 

Calongne and Sargent, New Orleans. — Artificial stone, in or- 
namental forms and blocks for building. 

C. Pajewski, New Orleans.— Clay charcoal burners, four sizes. 

Major J. Shaw Jones, ]\Ionroe, La. — Samples of Louisiana 
gravels. 

State of Louisiana. — Geological map of the State, showing 
various soil divisions and mineral localities. 

WYOM /N e 



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o 



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OCALE ^ o ro FOOT /?. G. S^j^cB S/ . 

Louisiana State Geological Survey. — Marble and limestone 
from deposits in Winnfield, Coochie Brake and Bayou 
Chicot ; iron ore from Union and Lincoln parishes ; sand- 
stones from Natchitoches and Rapides parishes : oypsuin 
crystals and clay from Gibbsland ; lignite from Mansfield 
and DeSoto parishes ; kaolin and iron pyrites ; soil sam- 
ples from Caddo, Ouachita, Aladison, DeSoto, Calcasieu, 
Acadia, St. jNIary, E. Baton Rouge, Orleans, E. Felici- 
ana, St. Tammany. Natchitoches, Rapides, St. Landry 
and Vernon parishes : geological model of Petit Anse 
Island. 



LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. JC) 



Educational Exhibit. 

In space No. i of the Educational Palace was a splendid 
exhibit contributed by the universities, colleges and schools of 
the State. 

Handsome contributions were made by all of tiie State in- 
stitutions, save the State Normal at Natchitoches, and the Lou- 
isiana Industrial Institute at Ruston. The private schools 
were w^ell represented. The public schools from many par- 
ishes were not represented, although strenuous efforts were 
made to have exhibits from every section. 

To obtain a representative and uniform collection of school 
exhibits, the Commission appointed a committee to carefully 
consider the entire matter and issue a circular to guide in the 
preparation of the exhibits. The following is the circular is- 
sued, which was sent to every institution of learning in the 
State and to every parish and city superintendent of public 
schools : 

Audubon Park, New Orleans, La., 

February nth, 1903. 

At a meeting of the "Committee to provide for the Char- 
acter and Style of the Educational Exhibit from Louisiana, ac 
the World's Fair, St. Louis," consisting of Hon, J. V. Cal- 
houn, Superintendent of Public Education ; Mr. B. C. Cald- 
well, President State Normal School ; Mr. Robt. H. Hartley, 
of New Orleans; Col. Thos. D. Boyd, President Louisiana 
State University ; Mr. Henry A. Hill, President Southern Uni- 
versity ; Wm. C. Stubbs, State Commissioner, the following 
A\ere adopted : 

First — That a pam])hlet for public distribution be issued 
giving the constitutional and legislative enactments relative \o 
public schools of the State, their organization, \\\\\\ statistic^ 
of the same. This pamplilct shall also contain slic^n accounts 
of the high schools, colleges, universities and other institutions 
of the State, including private, pulilic, ])n>fessional, tkMUHuina- 
tional and colored schools. 

Second — That i)hotos of school buiUHngs. from the rural 
schoolhouse to the latest jniblic school building, bo exhibited: 



So LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

and that designs of the more recent ones showin,!^- modern sys- 
tems of heating-, hghting, ventilation and sanitation, be ob- 
tained, if possible, and, if obtained, properly exhibited. That 
photos of school rooms, of school yards, of schools including 
pupils antl teachers, be also exhibited. 

Third — That the State Normal School and the City Normal 
School be each requested to furnish for exhibition their meth- 
ods of training teachers. 

Fourth — That high schools, colleges and universities be re- 
quested to furnish for exhibition photos and models cs 
ratus and school appliances used in teaching. 

Fifth — That the State Superintendent of Education be re- 
quested to obtain for exhibition printed copies of the regula- 
tions, ccnu'ses of studies and methods of instructions issued by 
the Superinten.dents of the parishes of the State. 

Sixth — That all authors in in this State, of books, original 
contributions to human knowledge and monographs on any 
subject, be requested to furnish copies for exhibi-ion. 

Seventh — That the State Superintendent of Public Educa- 
tion is requested to secure from the superintendent of each par- 
ish an exhibit of the schools of his parish, prepared in ac- 
cordance ^^•ith the following regulations adopted bv this com- 
mittee. 

Exhibit Regulations — Flat exhibits ( charts, drawings, pho- 
tos, etc.) should be shown in wall frames or wall cabinets. For 
the latter, the standard dimensions of the cards will be 22x28 
inches, tlie latter dimension being vertical. All cardboard used 
for this purpose must be of a court gray color. Photographs 
for albums or wall cabinets should be either 8x10 inches, or 
11x14 inches, and should be mounted directlv on the full sized 
cardboard. 

AA^ritten AA'ork — (' i ) Pupils work should be written on pa- 
per 8xTo inches in size, and of good quality, except in the 
subjects of drawing and botany, and here not over 22x28 
inches. 

(2) The paper should be of good grade, and at the left 
of each sheet a margin of i ^4 inches should be left for binding. 
Three-fourths inch margin is recommended on the other sides. 
Pupils must write on one side of the sheet, care being taken to 
preserve the binding margin. 

(3) In drawing and in mounting botanical specimens the 
standard sizes of paper may be used fnot over 22x28). The 
same margins should be left as noted above. 



LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 8 1 

(4) At the top of the first sheet of each pupil's work should 
be written the name, age and grade of the pupil. 

(5) Only regular class work is desired. 

(6) Wherever the subject demands, a single set of ques- 
tions printed or neatly written by the teacher, should precede 
the answer in each subject. In addition, the pupil shall write 
each question properly numbered before the answer. 

(7) The written work in each subject should be preceded 
by a "Teacher's Statement" blank carefully filled out. Sample 
blanks will be furnished by the State Superintendent of Public 
Education on application. 

(8) The work of one grade in one subject should be ar- 
ranged for binding by itself. 

(9) A photograph of the class or of the school as a fron- 
tispiece to each volume would add greatly to its interest. 

Eighth — That the exhibit from the public schools of the 
State shall be made as a whole, classified into grades, except 
those from an incorporated city with many schools, when by 
request such a city will be permitted to install its system as a 
unit. 

Ninth — That all colleges, universities, convents, scientific, 
industrial and engineering schools, professional schools of law, 
medicine, dentistry, pharmacy and commerce, art and music 
schools, libraries and museums, institutions for the blind, deaf 
and dumb, and insane, summer schools, Chatauquas, teachers 
and farmers' institutes, scientific societies and associations, for 
both sexes and for both races, are earnestly requested to pre- 
pare, and to deliver to the State Commissioner suitable ex- 
hibits. 

Tenth — The following are suggestions as to appropriate 
exhibits for each of the above schools : 

(i) Topographical map of grounds. 

(2) Photos and models, of grounds and buildings. 

(3) Charts of course of study and equipment. 

(4) Graphics s'howing growth of school, or its depart- 
ments. 

(5) Photos of interior of libraries, lalioratories, \\(irk- 
shops, class rooms, etc. 

(6) Publications of any of its faculty. 

(7) Pulilications of the school including catalogues, rules 
and regulations, programmes, etc. 

(8) Theses of graduates, typewritten or printed monr- 
graphs. Records of special inxestigation, etc. 



82 LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION 



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LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 83 

(9) Products of the workshops, laboratories, drawing 
rooms, museums, etc. 

Eleventh — That all school exhibits be delivered to the State- 
Commissioner by September ist, 1903. 

In spite of the above instructions, many of the exhibits were 
received in a crude form unfit for display, but under the skil- 
ful guidance of Dr. Brown Ayres all were prepared and dis- 
played in an attractive form. He also wrote a pamphlet upon 
''Education in Louisiana," of which 20,000 copies were printed 
and distributed, during the exposition. Handsome cases for 
displaying the exhibits were obtained and installed with great 
taste. Our educational exhibit was pronounced superior to 
many of the Southern and Western States exhibits. 

The following were the contributors of this exhibit : 

CATALOGUE OF THE LOUISIANA EDUCATIONAL EXHIBIT. 

Tulane University of Louisiana, New Orleans. — Upright case 
of progressive exercises in machine and forge work and 
pattern making; one machined Worthington pump; one 
case of progressive exercises in w^ood lathe and joinery 
work ; 2 vols, machine design ; i vol. kinematic drawings ; 
I vol. descriptive geometry drawings; I vol. special log 
blanks ; bound volumes of technical instructions in Fresh- 
man Mechanics, blacksmithing, pattern making and foun- 
dry practise. Sophomore Mechanics and engineering, Ju- 
nior Mechanics and engineering; students' notebooks in 
testing laboratory; test specimens in strength of iriate- 
rials showing effect of torsion on steel boiler plate, cast 
iron, wrought iron, machinery steel and yellow pine ; com- 
pression tests on wood, steel, cast iron and cement ; ce- 
ment testing machine and cement rammer; mechanical 
model of the electrical current; two cabinets of log blanks, 
blue prints, drawings and photos from college of technol- 
ogy ; one cabinet of free-hand drawings and photos ; 
bound volume of "Olive and Blue;'" one cabinet Medical 
Department views; pamphlets on medical subjects by the 
Medical Faculty; bound volume Tulane ''Phagocyte;" 
Smyth's arm splint; Smyth's leg splint; artificial respira- 
ation apparatus of Dr. R. Matas ; jaw splint. Dr. Matas ; 
anesthetizer, Dr. E. Souchon ; massive infiltration anes- 
thesia outfit, Dr. R. Matas ; enlarged photo of tlie Medical 
Buiklino-. 



84 LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

Faculty publications — Alcee Fortier : Louisiana studies, Lou- 
isiana Folk Tales, History of the French Literature, Le Ca- 
chet Rouge, LesFemmesSavantes, Polyeucte, Sept Grandes 
Auteurs, L'Histoire de France, Voyage en Europe en 
1895, Gabriel D'Ennerich, Le Qiateau de ChamlxDrd. 
History of Louisiana, 4 vols. \A^alter ]\Iiller : History of 
the Akropolis, Pausanius and his guide book. Theatre of 
Thoricus. Scientific names of Latin and Greek derivation. 
Early History of the Fur Seal, The Old and the New, 
Latin prose composition and Key, parts one and two. 
Wm. Benjamin Smith : Elementary Co-ordinate Geom- 
etry, Memoir of James Sidney Rollins, Infinitesimal An- 
alysis. J. Ficklen : History of Louisiana. Hanno Deiler : 
Pamphlets on the German Influence in Louisiana. 
Three large panoramic views of the Tulane University and 
campus. 

H. Sophie Xewcomb ^lemorial College for AA'omen. Xew Or- 
leans, — One cabinet of views; 15 selected pieces of pot- 
tery, 3 carbon drawings, 2 oil paintings — Nature and Still 
Life; 3 pencil sketches; 2 pen drawings; i relief drawing; 
5 water color paintings; 10 designs in color. 

Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge. — Small model of 
steam engine; 4 frames of progressive exercises in join- 
ery, wood turning, forging and machine work; wrought 
iron stand with frames of machine drawing blue prints : 
44 large views of campus ; four cabinets of photos ; col- 
lection of plants affected with characteristic diseases ; col- 
lection illustrating the life history of Spanish moss ; col- 
lection of marine algae; photos of apparatus used in the 
study of plant physiology ; samples of sugar cane pro- 
ducts to illustrate thesis ; specimens of written exercises 
in chemistry, mathematics, English and civil engineer- 
ing; 4 problems in bridge and roof trusses: 3 machine 
drawings; pen and ink sketch of university campus: plan 
and contour map of the university : chain survey of uni- 
versity grounds ; Texas fever immunization chart : 2 
charts illustrating life history of cattle tick. 

Southwest Louisiana Industrial Institute, Lafavette. — Twc 
cabinets of selected exercises and water color paintings : 
30 photos : 6 frames progressive exercises in woodwork- 
ing: pattern making, forging, lathe work and machine 
work; free-hand drawings, mechanical drawings and blue 
prints: 10 vols, business forms: i vol. needlework: cush- 



LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION, 85 

ion top, table covers, shirtwaist, child's dress and other 
specimens of embroidery and sewing by students. 

Soule College, New Orleans. — Cabinet of views; specimens of 
publications ; Soule's Accounts ; Soule's Philosophical 
Mathematics ; Soule's Partnership Settlements ; Soule's 
Manual of Auditing; Soule's Gems of Business Problems; 
Soule's Arithmetic. 

New Orleans College of Oratory. — Cabinet of views, selected 
exercises and examination papers; 15 vols, exercises, 
photO' of class of 1903. 

New Orleans Young Men's Christian Association. — Cabinet 
showing statistics, methods, photos and specimens of 
work. 

Louisiana School for the Deaf. — Eight vols, school work. 

Louisana State Institute for the Deaf and Dumb, Baton Rouge 
— Two cabinets containing specimens of embroidered 
work, shirt waist, dresses and plain sewing ; case of stu- 
dent made shoes; ornamental mantel top with plate mir- 
rors ; model of Mississippi river steamboat by L. A. 
Daron. 

Home Institute, New Orleans.- -Cabinet of views, drawings, 
music and map drawings; one framed drawing; 13 vols, 
business exercises; pamphlets of written class work. 

Sophie B. Wright Free Night School, New Orleans. — Twenty 
charts of drawings, photos and exercises. 

New Orleans Jewish Orphans Home. — Two cabinets selected 
class work, photos, needle work and Sloyd. 

New Orleans Public Schools. — Nine cabinets selected class 
work and photos ; fifty volumes class work, grades two to 
eight, inclusive ; 3 cases progressive exercises in kinder- 
garten work; 10 exercises in solid geometry; 10 volumes 
Normal and High School class work; 13 school room pic- 
tures classical subjects; plaster bust of John McDonogh ; 
plaster model McDonogh uKMiument ; one cabinet colored 
school work; 10 bound vols, colored school work. 

Parish Schools of Louisiana (by Parishes) — 
Caldwell, one volume school work. 
East Carroll, two volumes class work. 
East Feliciana, 5 volumes class work. 
Lafayette, 4 volumes class work. 
Moorehouse, one volume class work. 
Point Coupee, one volume class work. 
St. Mary, 2 volumes class work. 
Vermilion, 3 Nolunies class work. 



86 LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

Webster, i volume class work. 

West Feliciana, 2 volumes school work. 
By Schools : — 

Shreveport Public Schools: Four volumes class w^ork, 15 
photos. 

Shreveport Central High School : Eight volumes class 
work, herbarium specimens, physiology note books, Latin 
and history note books, 15 photos, two cases exercises in 
wood, lathe and joinery work. 

Mt. Zion Public School, Colored, Shreveport : One framed 
picture of Gov. Blanchard, exercises in rafifia work, bas- 
ket making, sewing and w^eaving. 

Napoleonville High School : Volumes of class work. 

Lake Charles Public Schools : Drawings, photos, water col- 
or paintings and pen drawings. Class work in pamphlets. 

Oak Ridge School : Drawings. 

Clinton Schools : Photos. 

Broussard School : Selected exercises in sewing and draw- 
ing. 

Amite City Public School : Photograph. 

Monroe High School : Photograph. 

Point Coupee Schools : Cabinet of class exercises, photos. 

Vermilion Parish : Cabinet of class w^ork, drawings and 
photos. 

East Feliciana : Cabinet of class exercises, photos. 

Lafayette : Cabinet of exercises and photos. 

CATHOLIC SCHOOLS. 

Ursulines Convent : One large painting. Saint instructing 
children; two paintings, flowers; two small paintings, 
water scenes; two linted photos; carbon drawing; fancy 
pin cushion; dressed doll; hand embroidered work; 4 
pieces hand painted china ; volume selected exercises ; two 
cabinets of views and exercises; essays with ornamental 
covers ; chart scholastic curriculum. 

Dominican Academy, New Orleans. — Cabinet of photos; 
hand painted china; 16 oil paintings; 23 relief drawings; 
water color painting. 

St. Alphonsus Convent, New Orleans. — Sisters of Mercy: 
Eight frames map drawings; i volume map drawings; i 
volume drawing, grammar class; volume caligraphic ex- 
ercises; volume compositions; volume examination pa- 



LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION, 87 

pers, I St year High, 2ncl year High, senior class High 
school ; volume student work for one year High school ; 
volumes grade work from grade i to 8. Notre Dame 
School : One volume two weeks daily practise in history, 
geography, mathematics, rhetoric, orthography. Chris- 
tian doctrine, physics, stenography and typewriting. Bus- 
iness practise, 12 volumes. 

Academy of the Sacred Heart, New Orleans. — Class work 
in mathematics, French, Latin and Christian Doctrine. 
Monthly examinations of the class 1904, '05, '06, '07, '08, 
'09, '10, '11, '12, '13. 

Academy Sacred Heart, Grand Coteau, La. — Flowers made 
of grains, etc., class work in mathematics. Christian Doc- 
trine, Latin, French, needlework ; specimen work of class- 
es, 1904, '05, '06, '07, '08, '09, '10. 

Academy of the Sacred Heart, St. Michaels, St. James Par- 
ish. — Class work in mathematics, French, Latin, Chris- 
tian Doctrine; monthly examinations of classes of 1904, 
'05, 06, '07, '08. 

Sacred Heart Parochial School, St. James, La. — One vol- 
ume religious instruction. 

Sacred Heart Parochial School for Colored. St. James. — 
One volume class work. 

Holy Cross College, New Orleans. — One volume exercises 
in business practise ; volume exercises senior year ; vol- 
ume exercises Junior year ; volume exercises Preparatory 
course; 5 volumes commercial forms; bound catalogue: 
5 framed photos. 

St. Mary's Assumption Girls' School, New Orleans. — 
School Sisters of Notre Dame, 2 volumes class work ; 
volume needle work. 

St. Mary's Assumption Boys' School, New Orleans. — Two 
volumes class work ; bound volume needle work. 

Jesuits College, New Orleans. — Two volumes class exer- 
cises ; photos. 

College of Immaculate Conception. New Orleans. — Two 
volumes exercises. 

Mater Dolorosa Parocliial School, New Ork\'nis. — One vol- 
ume exercises. 

COLORED SCHOOLS. 

Southern LTniversity. New Orleans. — Cabinet selected 
drawings and photos; volumes printed work specimens; 



88 LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

series crude oil distillates : progressive exercises in house 
building: large case of joinery, lathe, inlaid and fancv' 
wood work: case needle and embroidery work: 15 vol- 
volumcs class room work, grade, grammar, ist and 2nd 
Normal, ist and 2nd Preparatory College. Junior College. 
Xew Orleans University. — Twelve charts drawings: 12 
volumes class room work, grammar, ist and 2nd Nor- 
mal, 1st and 2nd Preparatory College. Junior College. 
Leland University. New Orleans. — Cabinet A photos and 

exercises. 
St. Agnes Colored Industrial School. New Orleans — Speci- 
mens of embroidery, knitting and sewing: written work. 
In this Educational Palace was a second exhibit from Lou- 
isiana, prepared by Dr. W'm. C. Stubbs. "Special Agent" of 
the United States Department of Agriculture. It was a par-: 
of the display made by the Agricultural Colleges and Experi- 
]nent Stations of the United States, and it was intended to 
show what part the Experiment Stations had taken in the de- 
\elopment of the sugar industry of the country. The Sugar Ex- 
periment Station made a handsome display of sugar canes, 
sugars, syrups, molasses, bagasse, juices, masse cuites, papers 
from bagasse, feedstuffs from molasses and bagasse, a cane 
mill, polar iscope. balances and all other apparatus used in a 
sugar laboratory, chxcmical preparations obtained from sugar 
cane, charts showing held and laboratory results, etc. 

It was a very thorough display and received t-vo grand prize? 



LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 8g 



Transportation Exhibit. 

In the Transportation Building between posts 146 and 148 
the Louisiana exhibit was displayed. 

It represented transportation on the Mississippi, past and 
present. The small Indian canoe, representing the vehicle of 
transportation in use on the discover)^ of the Mississippi, stood 
at one end of the display, while at the other were six or more 
models of palatial steamers which ply between New Orleans 
and other ports. Between these extremes were models of all 
kinds of craft which have been used in the development of the 
Mississippi Valley transportation. 

Most of these models were kindly furnished by the steam- 
ship lines in New Orleans. Others were loaned by the build- 
ers, while still others, especially of the primitive kind, were 
made under the supervision of the Commission. 

An excellent model of a Mississippi river steamboat was 
exhibited, constructed entirely by a deaf, dumb and partially 
blind pupil of Baton Rouge. Besides this series of crafts, 
numbering in all 20, there were fine exhibits of saddles and 
an old cypress wagon 116 years old, in perfect order, made by 
Don Filhiol, former Governor of North Louisiana, and exhib- 
ited by his descendant, R. M. Filhiol, of Monroe, Louisiana. 

This exhibit commanded the attention of many visitors and 
well illustrated the present trade facilities of New Orleans, as 
well as the transportation of the past. 

Below are the contributors to this exhibit : 

CATALOGUE OF THE LOUISIANA TRA NSPORTA'l ION EXimUT. 

State of Ivouisiana. — Models prepared to illustrr.te tlio meth- 
ods of transpcn'tation on tlie Mississip])i ri\cr trom \yoo 
to the present time: Indian canoe. 171- to 1775; iku ]>oai. 
used fron^. 1775 to the time of steamboats; row boat, used 
from 1840 to 1850. 

New Orleans Maritime Association. — Ahuk'ls of ships an 1 
sailing vessels. 



QO 



LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIAXA TURCHASE EXPOSITION. 



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LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 9I 

Fred Muller, New Orleans. — Ship embroidered of silk, in 

frame. 
H. Melletta, New Orleans. — Model of the three-masted sailing 

ship. Alice Buck. 
F. J. Bruguiere, New Orleans. — Sectional model of a skiff. 
Louis A. Daron, Louisiana Institute for the Deaf and Dumb, 

Baton Rouge. — Model of a Mississippi river steamlxDat. 
Capt. P. Culotta, New Orleans. — Models of the first steam 

and sailing ship used from 1840 to 1885. 
J. P. Culotta, New Orleans. — Models of two ocean going 

steam yachts. 
United Fruit Co., New Orleans. — Sectional model of the 

"Taunton," engaged in the fruit trade. 
Mexican Steamship Co., New Orleans. — Sectional model of 

the ''Nor," engaged in the fruit trade. 
Southern Pacific Steamship Co., New Orleans. — Model of the 

freight and passenger steamships ''Comus" and ''Pro- 
teus." 
Leyland Line, New Orleans, M. J. Sanders, Agent. — Models 

of the steamships "Indian" and "Colonian." 
Harrison Line, A. LeBlanc, Agent, New Orleans. — Models 

of the steamships "Custodian" and "Collegian." 
Scandinavian American Line, J. Graham, Agent, New Or- 
leans. — Model of the twin screw steamship. "United 

States." 
Whitney, Sloo & Co., New Orleans. — Hand carved Mexican 

saddle, sterling silver trimmed. 
Shreveport Saddlery Co. — Four saddles, hand carved saddles, 

carvings symbolic of Louisiana. 
R. M. Filhiol, Monroe, La. — Original of first wagon made in 

Louisiana. 



92 LOUISIAXA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 



Liberal Arts. 

Louisiana had a unique and highly attractive exhibit in the 
Palace of Liberal Arts, space 54. ^Ir. William Beer, libra- 
nan of Howard Library, exhibited on the walls in chronolog- 
ical order, about two hundred rare maps of the Gulf Coast, 
from 1487 to 1830, and a number of old and valuable books 
of the 14th and i6th centuries. The ^Maryland Steel Com- 
pany, of Sparrow's Point, ^Maryland, furnished an exact mod- 
el of the great naval floating dock built by it for the navy yard 
at Algiers, Louisiana. Airs. E. ]NL Coates. now seventy-eight 
years old, embroidered for this exposition a liandkerchief 
showing the changes produced in Louisiana during the cen- 
tury of its existence under the L'nited States, 1S03, with the 
wigwam, the canoe and the Indian, displaced in 1903 by the 
church, the school, the steamship and civilized man. a modest 
but ^'aluable contribution from a patriotic woman. 

-Miss Jenny ^\'ilde. under instructions from the Commis- 
sion, prepared two topographical maps of Xew Orleans — one 
the moated city of 1803, the other the progressi^'e emporium 
of trade of the ^Mississippi \'alley of 1903. The latter shows 
the wonderful facilities which this city proffers to commerce, 
manufacturers, wharves, railroad lines, canals, lake, river and 
street car lines. 

L'nder the supervision of both the National and State en- 
gineers, she also prepared a large topographical map of the 
levees of this State from the Arkansas line to the Gulf, a work 
of merit, exceedingly instructive to the Western statesmen, 
who \\ere convinced by this illustration of thevastness of the 
levee system and the necessity of national aid for restraining 
the flood waters of the Mississippi, now hurriedly precipitated 
into the lower valley by the occupation and cultivation of all 
the lands bordering upon the tributaries of this great water- 
way". 

Through the labors of Air. T. P. Thompson, of Xew Or- 



II 



LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITJOX. 93 

leans, this department received a most interesting addition. In 
excavating for the foundation of a new building on the edge 
of the Vieux Carre, there was found in perfect preservation the 
cypress palisades which once formed the bastions of the fort 
which surrounded the city. These were carefully banded to- 
gether and forwarded by Mr. Thompson to die Louisiana 
Commission. 

Below will be found a catalogue of the exhibits in this de- 
partment : 

CATALOGUE OF THE LOUISIANA LIBERAL ARTS EXHIBIT. 

State of Louisiana. — Relief map of the Levee System of the 
Mississippi river in Louisiana (4x37 feet), on a scale of 
one inch to the mile, horizontally; one inch to 50 feet 
vertically. Made according to data furnishied and under 
the supervision of the Board of State Engineers. 

Relief map of New Orleans of 1803. Made from plans and 
data furnished by Mr. T. P. Thompson ; scale, three 
inches tO' 1,000 feet. 

Relief map of New Orleans of 1903. Size, 15 feet square; 
scale one inch to ^^^ feet. Made under the supervision of 
the Board of City and State Engineers by Miss Jenny 
Wilde, New Orleans. 

Model of the United States Dry Dock at New Orleans. 
Made and donated by the Maryland Steel Co., Sparrows 
Point, Md., builders of the original dock. 
William Beer, Librarian Howard Memorial Librciry, Xew Or- 
leans. — Original and facsimile re]M"oducti(nis of maps 
showing the development of the cartograpln- of the north 
shore of the Gulf of Mexico, and cspecialh-- of the coast 
line of Louisiana : 

1487 — The World, Toscanelli. 

1492 — The World, Behaim. 

1500 — The World, fac-simile of juan do la C\)sa. 

1500 — Florida, Pesaro. 

1502 — East coast of North America. Cancro. 

1502 — East coast of North America, anonxnions. 

1502 — World, Estense. 

1502 — East coast of North America. aiKuix nious. 

15 II— The World, Ptolemv. 

ISI I— The World, IVlcr Alarivr. 



94 



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1^12 — The world, Stobnicza. 

15 1 5 — The World, Reisch. 

1508— The World, Ptolemy. 

15 10-12 — East coast of America, Lenox Globe. 

15 14 — East coast of America, Boulenger. 

15 15 — East coast of America, Da Vinci. 

15 1 5 — East coast of America, Schoner. 

15 13 — America, Ptolemy. 

1520 — America, Portuguese map. 

1520 — The World, Schoner. 

1520 — Comparative tracings of maps to 1520. 

1520 — East coast of America, anonymous. 

1522 — Atlantic Ocean, Frisius. 

1527 — America, Thorne. 

1532 — World, Grynaeus. 

1528 — Atlantic Ocean, Bordone. 

1528 — World, Coppo. 

1528 — Gulf of Mexico, Pineda. 

1527 — East coast of America, Maggiolo. 

1527 — East coast of America, Maggiolo. 

1520 — Atlantic Ocean, anonymous. 

1527 — North America, Toreno. 

1529 — North America, Ribero. 

1546 — North America, Verazzano. 

1542 — World, Ulpius Globe. ' 

1544 — America, Cabot. 

1546 — East coast of America, Desceliers. 

1548 — World, Ptolemy. 

1550 — East coast of America, Gutierrez. 

1550 — World, Correr Pbrtulano. 

1574 — World, Cesanis. 

1554 — Gulf of Mexico, Riccardiana. 

1554 — North America, Agnese. 

1556 — Gulf of Mexico, Eufredutius. 

1563 — World, Sideri. 

1566 — World, Zaltieri. 

1569 — North America, Mercator. 

1570 — World, Bassus. 

1 57 1 — World, Arias Montanus. 

1571 — America, Mercator (Inset. Gulf of MexicoV 

1596 — North America, De Bry. 

1597 — World, Wytfliet. 

1540 — America, Munster. 

155 1 — World, Apian. 



96 LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

1566 — Zaltieri. 

1557 — Xorth America, anonymous. 

1593 — Cornelius de Judaeis. 

1597 — America. Wytfliet. 

1608 — \\'orid. ]\Iercator (Quadus). 

1 62 1 — East coast of America. Jacobsx. 

1 62 1 — Jacobsx. 

1628 — America. ^^lunster. 

i63C>-\\'orld,, H. P. \'alck. 

1630 — World. Hondius. 

1652 — World. Mscher. 

1660 — America. De Wit. 

1670 — America, anonymous. 

1670 — Gulf of ^Mexico. Jansson. 

r688 — America, Schenck. 

1680 — Gulf of Mexico. Msscher. 

1689 — Xorth America, Coronelli. 

1689 — Xorth America, Schenck. 

1690 — America. Schreiber. 

1690 — America, anonymous. 

1690 — America, anonymous. 

1699 — X'orth America. Hennepin. 

1700 — X'^ortii America, Hennepin. 

1697 — Gulf of ^lexico, anonymous. 

1700 — America. De Fer. 

1700 — America. \'an der Aa. 

1700 — X'orth America. \'an Keulen. 

1705 — X'orth America, anonymous. 

1702 — X'orth America. G. de Tlsle. 

1700 — X'orth America. A'an der Aa. 

1708 — X'orth America, A'an der Aa. 

1708 — X'orth America, de I'lsle. 

1710 — Louisiana & Canada (with Inset Delta ci Miss. R.') 

1 710 — Louisiana, de I'lsle. 

1 71 5 — Louisiana. ]\Ioll. 

1715 — Louisiana, De Fer. 

1715 — A\'orld, Anonymous. 

f/iS — Louisiana, de I'lsle. 

1718 — Louisiana, de I'lsle. 

1719 — America. Anonymous. ]\Iouth of ^Mississippi river. 

1720 — Gulf of Mexico. Anonymous. 

1720 — America. Seutter. 

1720 — X'orth America. Homann. 



LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 97 

720 — North America, Homann. 

720 — Louisiana, Homann. 

722 — North America, de I'lsle. 

727 — Louisiana, Ker. 

730 — Louisiana, Homann. 

730 — Louisiana, Homann. 

730 — Louisiana, Homann. 

739 — United States & Louisiana, Mortier & Covens. 

740 — Louisiana & East coast of North America, Seutter. 

740 — Gulf of Mexico — R. & J. Ottens. 

743 — North America, BelUn. 

746 — America, Homann. 

746 — North America, d'Anville. 

750 — North America, Vaugondy. 

750 — North America, Anonymous. 

752 — North America, Buache. 

754 — Coast of Louisiana & Florida, Jefferys. 

754 — Gulf of Mexico, Bellin. 

755 — America, Ottens. 

755 — Louisiana, d'Anville. 

755 — America, d'Anville. 

752 — Louisiana, d'Anville. 

756 — Louisiana, Mitchell. 

756 — East coast of North America, d'Anville. 

757 — Louisiana, Anonymous. 

762^Louisiana, Lopez. 

762 — North America, Janvier. 

745 — America, de I'lsle. 

770 — North America, Vaugondy. 

765 — Louisiana, Kitchen. 

y62) — East coast of North America, Kitchen. 

y^^i — North America, Raspe. 

764 — Louisiana & Florida, Bellin (Inset of Delta). 

766 — Delta Mississippi River, Anonymous. 

768 — East coast of North America, Anonymous. 

764 — Delta of Mississippi, Anonymous. 

770 — Gulf of Mexico, Anonymous. 

770 — North America, Anonymous. 

771 — North America, Anonymous. 

772 — North America, Anonymous. 

744 — Gulf of Mexico, Anonymous. 

775 — Gulf of Mexico, Covens & Mortier. 

77 T — Mississippi River, Ross. 



98 LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

1776 — Louisiana & East Coast, Saver & Bennett. 

1776 — Louisiana & East Coast, Anonymous. 

1777 — North America, Pownall. 

1778 — Gulf of Mexico, Anonymous. 

1778 — North America, Cluny. 

1 78 1 — North America, Bonne. 

1 781 — North America, Anonymous. 

1786 — Louisiana, de I'lsle. 

1782 — Louisiana, Bonne. 

1782 — North America, Janvier. 

1783 — Louisiana & North Carohna, de I'lsle. 

1783 — Louisiana & United States, Bonne. 

1783 — North America, Stackhouse. 

1783 — America, Janvier. 

1789 — East coast of North America, Anonymous. 

1792 — Gulf of Mexico, Anonymous. 

1796 — America, Gussefeld. 

1797^-North America, Gussefeld. 

1798 — America, Mentelle. 

1798— Gulf of Mexico, Mentelle. 

1798 — Florida v^ith Louisiana, Mentelle. 

1798 — United States v^ith Louisiana, Mentelle. 

1798 — Gulf of Mexico, Mentelle. 

1 801 — North America, Laurie & Whittle. 

1803 — North America, Anonymous. 

1803 — Delta of Mississippi, Ellicott. 

1812 — Louisiana, Lucas. 

1807 — Gulf of Mexico, Collin. 

1807 — United States, Cummings & Hilliard. 

1807 — United States, Anonymous. 

1808 — Louisiana, S. Lev^is. 

181 1 — World, Mentelle. 

1830 — Delta Mississippi River, Poussin. 

Original atlases, geographies and histories relating to the 
Louisiana Purchase, etc. : 

F. F. Hansell & Bro., New Orleans. — Books by Louisiana 
Authors. Present writers : 

Martha W. Austin. — Veronica. 

Geo. W. Cable — Creoles of Louisiana, Cavalier, Bona Ven- 
ture, Doctor Sevier, Old Creole Days, Grandissimes, 
Strange True Stories of Louisiana. 

M. E. M. Davis. — Oueen's Garden, Christmas Mask of St. 



LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 99 

Roch, The Elephant's Track, Jaconetta, Under the Man 

Fig, The Wire Cutters. 
Alcee Fortier — Louisiana Studies. 

Charles Gayarre. — History of Louisiana, fourth edition. 
Mrs. C. V. Jamison. — Toinette's Philip, Lady Jane, Thistle 

Down, Seraph. 
Grace King. — De Soto in the Land of Florida, History of 

Louisiana, New Orleans, the Place and the People. 
Mrs. E. T. Merrick. — Old Times in Dixie Land. 
Josephine H. Nichols. — Bayou Triste. 

Ruth McEnery Stuart. — Moriah's Mourning, Charlotta's In- 
tended, Golden Wedding, Story of Babette, Sonny, Na- 
poleon Jackson, Holly and Pizen. 
Mary Ashley Townsend. — Distaff and Spindle, Down the 

Bayou. 
Beverly E. Warner. — English History in Shakespeare's Plays, 

Young Man in Modern Life, Young Woman in Modern 

Life, Facts and Faith. 
Llansell & Bros. — Guide to New Orleans, La Cuisine Creole. 
Goupii & Co. — A History of Louisiana by Alcee Fortier, four 

volumes ; four editions and five frames of illustrations. 
Mrs. Marie Barq. — A game to learn the French language. 
Mrs. E. M. Coates, New Orleans. — Handkerchief to illustrate 

graphically the history of Louisiana from 1803. 
Rosa Castile, Breaux Bridge. — Carpet of original design and 

finish, frame of fish scale flowers. 
Mrs. Caroline Muller, New Orleans. — Hydraulic Surgical 

Lifter Model. 
The Royal Plaiter Co., New Orleans. — Box, accordeon and 

knife plaiters. Frames of samples. 
T. P. Thompson, New^ Orleans. — Cypress palisades, originally 

part of Carondelet's Fortifications around New Orleans ; 

recovered from recent excavations. Buried 100 vears. 



lOO LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 



Anthropology Exhibit. 

This exhibit was collected mainly by Prof. Geo. Williamson, 
of the State Normal School, who is an amateur collector of In- 
dian relics. Mrs. Sydney L. Bradford, of Avery Island, kind- 
ly furnished twenty-five handsome baskets made by the Qiiti- 
mache Indians of Western Louisiana. The Commission ob- 
tained through j\Iiss Cora Bremer, of New Orleans, a large 
number of baskets made by the Choctaws and other tribes of 
Indians. 



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The relics were furnished by Prof. Williamson, Tulane 
University and Louisiana State LTniversity of Baton Rouge, 
and consisted of Banner stones, gorgets, celts, grooved axles, 
gouges, fleshers, mauls, anvils, cupped and hammer stones, 
mortars and pestles, disks and whirls, images, clubstones. 
tomahawks, pipes, whetstones, polishers, paint cups, pendants, 
beads, arrow heads, spear heads, drills, scrapers, ornaments, 
knives, cores, whistles and vessels of pottery. 

Geo. Tiebout, Roseland, La., contributed an axe stone. 

This exhibit was installed in Room 109, Anthropology 
Building. 



LOUISIANA. AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. lOI 



Visit of the Louisiana State University 
Cadets to the World's Fair. 

On the second of June, 400 cadets of the Louisiana State 
University, accompanied by President T. D. Bcyd, Capt. A. 
Read, Dr. J. W. Dupree and a number of the Professors of the 
University, together with Governor W. W. Heard and family, 
arrived by special train in St. Louis. 

During their stay of one week at the Exposition, the cadets 
were encamped on the Exposition Grounds and gave daily 
exhibition drills on the St. Louis Plaza. 

On June 4th, a dress parade was held on the Plaza by the 
L. S. U. cadets, followed immediately after by a drill of the 
West Point cadets. 

To their credit be it said that the drilling- of the Louisiana 
boys made a decidedly favorable impression upon the large 
crowd of spectators. 



Literature Distributed at the Exposition. 

There were prepared under the auspices of the Commission, 
an immense amount of literature of the State for free distribu- 
tion at the Exposition. There were nine different pamphlets : 

1st. Handbook of Louisiana, 200 pages, 200 illustrations, 
prepared by the Commission. Issue, 10,000. 

2nd. Condensed Handbook of Louisiana, 16 pages, and 
map, containing information of above in condensed facts. 
Issue, 50,000. 

3rd. The Forests of Louisiana, 24 pages, a full description 
of the woods of Louisiana, by Prof. W. R. Dodson, State Ex- 
periment Station, Baton Rouge, La. Issue, 20,000. 

4th. Minerals of Louisiana, 8 pages, a full ck\scription (M 
our mineral resources, prepared by the Commission. Issue. 
20,000. 

5th. Education in Louisiana, 40 pages, gi\ing conslitn- 
lional and legiskative enactments relative to public schools oi 



102 LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

the State. Their development, with present statistics. It 
also gave short accounts of universities, colleges and high 
schools, white and colored, private and public, State, denomi- 
national or professional. This was written by Dr. Brown 
Ayres of Tulane University. Issue, 50,000. 

6th. Levees of the State, 14 pages, by Col. Arsene Perriliat, 
of State Board of Engineers. Issue, 20,000. 

7th. Transportation Facilities of Louisiana, 24 pages, by- 
Mr. H. M. Mayo, of the Progressive Union, New Orleans, 
La. Issue, 20,000. 

8th. Fish and Game of Louisiana. 20 pages, by H. H. Kop- 
rnan. New Orleans, La. Issue, 20,000. 

9th. Louisiana \\'riters and Artists, 64 pages, by T. P. 
Thompson, New Orleans, La. Issue, 20,000. 

DAILY AND W^EEKLY NEWSPAPERS OF LOUISIANA ON FILE AT 

THE CABILDO. 

Abbeville. Herald; Alexandria, Town Talk; Algiers, Chron- 
icle ; Amite City, Independent ; Bastrop, Moorehouse Clarion ; 
Baton Rouge, Advocate and Truth ; Benton, Bossier Banner ; 
Boyce, Enterprise ; Clinton, Southern Watchman ; Covington, 
St. Tammany Farmer ; Crowley, Signal ; Donaldsonville, 
Chief; Farmerville, Gazette; Grand Cane, Beacon; Gueydan, 
News ; Hammond, Louisiana Sun ; Homer, Guardian Journal ; 
Jennings, Times; Lafayette, Gazette; Lake Charles, American; 
Lake Providence, Banner Democrat ; Mansfield, De Soto 
News ; Many, Sabine Banner ; Mer Rouge, Democrat ; Mon- 
roe, Bulletin ; New Iberia, Enterprise ; New Orleans, Abeille, 
Item, Harlequin. Louisiana Planter, Sugar Planter's Journal, 
Picayune, Times-Democrat, Daily States, Daily New^s ; Ope- 
louses, Courier; Plaquemine, Iberville South; Rayville, Rich- 
land Beacon News; Roseland, Herald; Ruston, Leader; 
Shreveport, Caucasian, Times and Watchman; Vidalia, Con- 
cordia Sentinel; W^ashington, Enterprise; Winnfield, South- 
ern Sentinel ; St. Francisville, True Democrat. 



LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. IO3 

Personnel of the Louisiana Exhibit. 

The Commission has been given in full in the first part of 
this report. The exhibits were in charge of the following 
persons : Robert Glenk, Assistant to Commissioner, in direct 
charge of the entire Agricultural Exhibit. 

Prof. W. R. Dodson, of State Experiment Station, Baton 
Rouge, La., in charge of Forestry exhibit. 

Mr. H. H. Kopman, of New Orleans, La., in charge of 
Fish and Game. 

Dr. Brown Ayres, of Tulane University, in charge of Edu- 
cation. While attending to these duties at St. Louis, Dr. 
Brown Ayres accepted the presidency of the University of 
Tennessee and entered upon his duties there in September. It 
is greatly to be regretted that the State of Louisiana has lost 
the valuable services of Dr. x\yres. Miss Mary Nicholson was 
temporarily employed in Dr. Ayres' place. 

Mr. Dan Newsham, of New Orleans, La., had charge of 
botii of the exhibits in the Horticultural Department. 
Through his energy most of the plants of the conservatory 
were collected. He packed and shipped home his collection, 
distributed the plants, and retired from the service of the State 
in the latter part of December. Early in January he died in 
the Touro Infirmary after undergoing a painful operation for 
appendicitis. He performed his duties well. 

Mr. J. P. Culotta, of New Orleans, had charge of the Trans- 
portation exhibit. 

Miss Myra Kennedy, of New Orleans, La., had charge of 
the exhibit in Liberal Arts Department. 

Prof. Geo. Williamson, of State Normal School, Natchi- 
toches, had charge of the exhibits in both the Mines and Metal- 
lurgy and Anthropology Buildings. 

Capt. H. C. Rogers, of Shrcveport, La., was cnsttulian oi 
the Cabildo. 

D. Barrow Seav, of Shrevoi^ort. La., was nicsscngor. 

S. S. Minis, of Mindon, La., was stent)gra])licr. 



I04 LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

There were three janitors and one janitress, all from Lou- 
isiana, employed in keeping the Cabildo and exhibits clean. 

The thanks of the Commission are tendered the above for 
their valuable assistance. Some of them did all that mortals 
could do for the success of the enterprise and glory of the 
State, and the Commission cannot find words to express their 
appreciation of their labors. They carry with them the proud- 
est reward, the consciousness of duty well performed. 

The infinite numl3er of attractions incident to such a mar- 
velous display of the world's resources and the allurements 
proffered daily by the encounter of friends ''upon pleasure 
bent," and the temptations and charms of the Pike, all were 
sufficient to tempt both youth and manhood occasionally from 
the continuous monotony incident to exposition duties, and 
therefore it is highly gratifying to the Commission to know 
that the employees performed so well the work assigned them, 
and in parting with them wish for them all health, happiness 
and prosperity. 



Entertainments. 



At the Cabildo a janitor and janitress were kept for the ex- 
press purpose of waiting upon the Louisianians who attended 
the exposition. Rooms were provided for both gentlemen and 
ladies, and Creole coffee was proffered freely to all and eagerly 
enjoyed by many wearied by sightseeing. Impromptu 
lunches of the picnic style were daily dispensed to those hap- 
pening to be present at noontime. Special entertainments 
were given to the following : To the Executive Commissioners 
of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition ; to Gov. W. W. Heard, 
Mrs. Heard and ]\Iiss Heard ; to Daughters, of the Confed- 
eracy ; to Mayor Paul Capdevielle and party; to Agricultural 
Commissioners of the Southern States, and to the Conference 
ul Historical Societies of the Mississippi Valley. 



LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. IO5 



Louisiana Day. 

But the chief function given by the Commission, was Lou- 
isiana Day, which was one of the most important events of the 
exposition. The authorities of the exposition having decided 
not to celebrate a Louisiana Purchase day, united their efforts 
with those of the Louisiana Commission in making Louisiana 
Day the most conspicuous State day of the exposition. The 
Commission desires to make pubhc acknowledgment of the 
valuable services rendered and its sincere thanks to all, but 
especially tO' Governor Francis for personal and official cour- 
tesies and assistance. Hon. Newton C. Blanchard, Governor 
of Louisiana, issued the following proclamation : 

State of Louisiana, 
Executive Department. 

proclamation LOUISIANA DAY AT THE LOUISIANA 

PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

Great accessions of territory, by one nation from another, 
come usually as the result of war. But we of the Great Re- 
public rejoice that the Louisiana Purchase transaction, which 
doubled the area of the United States, did not involve the 
shedding' of human blood nor the sacrifice of human life. 

The celebration of this peaceful event by the enlightened 
people of the world is peculiarly appropriate. 

This is' being done in the greatest of Expositions the world 
has ever known now being conducted at St. Louis. It com- 
memorates the centennial of an occurrence second only to the 
Declaration of Independence in the history of the L^nited 
States. This was the transfer bv France to the LInited States, 
one hundred years ago, of the vast region known as Louisiana. 

Our own State was the spot where the actual transfer took 
place, therefore it is meet that Louisiana is entitled to take prec- 
edence among the States of the Union in the Louisiana Piu-- 
chase Exposition — an exposition where the most complete dis- 
play ever made of the acliievements of the human race may be 
found harmoniously represented as a l>efitting testimony to 
the wonderful progress following the ac(|uisition ()\ this broad 
domain. 

Louisiana, the oldest Stale in the l^urchaso. tlio niothor oi 



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LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. IO7 

thirteen beautiful and vigorous daughters, proposes the Four- 
teentii of September — a day justly memorable in her annals — 
as *'her day," and at that time will take possession of the Ex- 
position and by appropriate services and ceremonies commemo- 
rate the Centennial of American domination. 

She notifies her sons and daughters to assemble on that day 
at the Cabildo (Louisiana State Building) on the Fair 
Grounds at St. Louis, and assist in the great celebration. And 
let us make it the occasion of declaring to the people of the 
world what a goodly land is this State of ours and w^hat is its 
assured promise of even greater development and prosperity. 

She invites the Governors and people of her sister States of 
the Louisiana Purchase to join in her celebration to the end 
that together they may demonstrate what a princely empire, 
filled with many millions of prosperous freemen, has been 
evolved from the purchase of 1803. 

The Chief Executive hopes that as many as possible of the 
loyal sons and daughters of the State will be present at St. 
Louis on ''Louisiana Day" to lend lustre and add enthusiasm 
to the occasion. 

In testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and 
caused to be affixed the Great Seal of the State of Louisiana 
at the City of Baton Rouge, this 20th day of August, in the 
year of our Lord nineteen hundred and four, and of the Inde- 
pendence of the LTnited States of America, the one hundred 
and twenty-ninth, and of the State of Louisiana the ninetv- 
third. Newton C. Blanchard, 

[seal] Goveryior. 

By the Governor, 

John T. Michel, Secretary of State. 

The 14th of September was selected by the Commission, 
after consultation with the Committee on Public Ceremonies 
of Louisiana Purchase Exposition, as the most apnronriate 
clay of the week, and near the middle of the month., and vacan*^ 
on the calendar of future events. There was no reference to 
the occurrence of the historical event which had forever made 
this day a memorable one in the State annals. The follow ini> 
elaborate programme was executed withcnit friction or omis- 
sion : 



I08 LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

Programme of Louisiana Day, World's Fair, St. 
Louis, September 14th, 1904. 

ID :oo a. ni. The Board of State Commissioners will call upon 
Governor at the Buckingham Hotel. 

10:15 a..m. The Governor of Louisiana, and Staff, with the 
cavalry escort, will assemble at the Hotel Buck- 
ingham and, conducted by Lieutenant Haight, 
U. S. A., Aid to Gov. Francis, will proceed in 
carriages or automobiles to the Administration 
Building, entering the World's Fair Grounds at 
the Parade Entrance. 

10:30 a. m. The cortege will reach the Administration Build- 
ing, where it will be received by President 
Francis and Staff. 

11:15 a.m. The procession, having formed on the road in 

front of the Administration Building, under the 

command of Brigadier General Edmund Rice. 

U. S. A., will move in the following order : 

Jefferson Guards. 

Brigadier General Edmund Rice, U. S. A., 

and Staff. 
United States Troops, with band. 
Philippine Scouts' band. 
Battalion Philippine Scouts. 
Battalion L'nited States Marines. 
Band Philippine Constabulary. 
Battalion Philippine Constabulary. 
AA'ashington Artillery of Louisiana. 
The Governor of Louisiana, with President 
Francis, the visiting Governors and Staffs, 
having mounted at the front of the Adminis- 
tration Building Terrace, will then join the 
procession in the following order : 

i I :i5 a. m. Governor's Cavalry Escort, 

Louisiana State flag: bearer mounted, wdth a 
mounted man each side (drawn sabres). 

Governor of Louisiana, 

Governor Dockery of Alissouri, President Fran- 
cis, 

Visiting Governors, 

Staffs of the Governor of Louisiana and the vis- 



LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. IO9 

iting Governors, each Staff riding by itself, 
by two front, and carriages with ladies. 
Should the visiting Governors or Staffs not desire to 
be mounted, they may ride in carriages in the 
place designated for visiting Governors preced- 
ing the mounted Staffs. 
Platoon of cavalry escort closing the procession. 

ROUTE. 

The procession will proceed along the following route to the 
Louisiana State Building (Cabildo) : Down the Adminis- 
tration Ave. to the University Boulevard, thence on Lour 
isiana Ave., between the Transportation and Machinery 
Palaces, passing the Louisiana Monument to the Pla^a of 
Orleans, thence along side of the Liberal Arts Palace to 
the Ave. we^st of thai Palace and up that Ave. to the Gov- 
ernment Hill, betzveen the Government and Missouri 
Buildings, to the receiving point in front of tire Louisiana 
State Building (Cabildo). 

N. B. — The Governor and escort having diverged from the 
procession at the Plaza of Orleans, will proceed by the 
most direct route to the receiving point, when the Staff 
will line up. 

After passing the receiving point, the parade will then be dis- 
missed, each command returning by the most convenient 
route selected by its commanding officer to avoid the 
crowd, except the Washington Artillery of Louisiana and 
the Governor's Cavalry escort, which will line up opposite 
the Governor. 

CABILDO CEREMONIES. 

The Commemorative Exercises, under the management of 
the Reception Committee, will take place in the "Sala Capitu- 
lar" on the second floor. The Governors and the State Com- 
missioners, the World's Fair Officials and Mrs. Blanchard will 
enter the gallery by the central door and be seated to the left of 
the platform. The public will be seated around the room, but 
no' chairs are to be moved from the wall. 

Music (Hail to the Chief). 

12:00 m. The Board of State Commissioners. State and 
City Officials of Louisiana and the speakers will receive the 
Governor of Louisiana and party at the Main Lnt ranee, and 



LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. Ill 

preceding them will conduct them to the "Sala Capitular" 
through the gallery to the platform, on which they will be 
seated in the following order : 

Governor of Louisiana, 

Governor of Missouri, President Francis, 

Visiting Governors and the Mayor of St. Louis, 

Staffs of the Governors and Officers of the Procession in order 

of rank. 

Music (Dixie). 

The Governor of Louisiana will recognize State Commis- 
sioner Stubbs, who will, from the front of the platform, read 
the Governor's Proclamation convening the assembly. The 
Governor will then request Prof. Alcee Fortier to repeat tlie 
transfer ceremonies of December 20, 1803. 

President Fortier will then explain the transfer ceremonies, 
in whidi he will represent Colonial Prefect Clement Laussat; 
Chas. F. Claiborne, Esq., the United States Commissioner, 
William Charles C. Claiborne ; Theodore S. Wilkinson by the 
United States Commissioner, Brigadier General James Wil- 
kinson; Lucien Soniat-Dufossat by the French Secretary, L. 
Daugerot; the Hon. James S. Zacharie, the American Secre- 
tary, M. Wadsworth. 

Music (Hail Columbia). 

The transfer ceremonies having ended, State Commissioner 
W. C. Stubbs will announce the adjournment to the central 
balcony, the gubernatorial party being conducted to it by the 
Reception Committee. State Commissioner Stubbs will then 
introduce the speakers. 

First, Address of Welcome, by President D. R. Francis. 

Second, Omer Villere, who will speak for the old French 
Domination in Louisiana. 

Music (Star Spangled Banner). 

Third, Ex-Lieut-Governor Albert Estopinal will speak for 
the Spanish Domination. 

Music (Spanish, ''Marcha Reale"). 

Fourth, Governor Newton C. Blancliard will then speak for 
tlie American Domination. 

Music (America). 

The Mayor of New Orleans, or his representative, will read 
Governor Claiborne's Proclamatic^n of 1803. 

At the end of his reading, the Lnited States Hag will be 
hoisted in front of the C^abildo l)v Pierre Cliontean Ir.. and 



112 LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

when the ■ flag reaches the top, the Washington Artillery of 
New Orleans will fire the National Salute of 1803. 

Music (Red, White and Blue). 

During the speaking. State Commissioner Stubbs will in- 
vite the Governor of Louisiana and distinguished citizens pres- 
ent to sign on the gallery two Proces Verbals of the occasion, 
one for preservation in the State archives and one for the Mis- 
souri Historical Society. 

8 130 p. m. The Governor and Mrs. Blanchard and Staff, 
with the visiting Governors and Staffs and the World's Fair 
Officials, will assemble in the lower room of the Cabildo. 

9 :oo p. m. The Reception by the Governor and Mrs. 
Blanchard will be held, terminating at 11 p. m. 

During the Reception a dance will be held in the ''Sala Ca- 
pitular" on the second floor of the Cabildo, under the manage- 
ment of a floor committee. 

A Creole Concert, with the music of 1803 and subsequent 
years, during the intermission of the dance, will be given by 
Kern's Orchestra. 

The ''Garde Republicaine'' of Paris will play at the exercises 
of the morning and at the evening Receptions. 

7 — 8 p. m. Fireworks by Prof. Pain, on the Plaza of St. 
Louis, in which a graphic history of Louisiana will be pre- 
sented in fire, as follows : 

1. LaSalle naming Louisiana in 1682. 

2. Iberville, the founder of Louisiana in 1699. 

3. Bienville settling New Orleans in 1718. 

4. The first Republic in America and its overthrow by 

O'Reily, including the patriots, Lafreniere, Vil- 
lere, Noyan, Joseph Milhet, Marquis and Caresse 
(shot) and Petit, Nasan, Doucet, Boisblanc, Jean 
Milhet and Poupet (imprisoned). 

5. Don Bernardo de Galvez aiding the Americans by 

capture of Baton Rouge, 1779. 

6. Baron de Carondelet, the promoter of the develop- 

ment of Louisiana's Territory from 1791 to 1796. 

7. Transfer of Louisiana to the United States in 1803. 

8. Map of Louisiana Purchase Territory and date of ad- 

mission of each State, in dissolving views. 

9. Portraits of Governor Claiborne, first Governor of 

the Louisiana Purchase, 1803. 
10. Map of Louisiana in 1904. 







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LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. II3 

II. Portraits of Gov. W. W. Heard and Gov. N. C. 
Blanchard, 1904. 

Governor and Mrs. Blanchard, his staff, the miUtary escort, 
the participants in the transfer ceremonies, the speaking, in 
fact, every man, woman and child from Louisiana vied with 
each other in their patriotic pride to make Louisiana Day the 
event of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. That they suc- 
ceeded is universally admitted. In fact, when we remember 
the theme, the occasion, the keynote, upon which the grand 
song which reverberated throughout the universe, was pitched, 
the inspiration kindled in the breast of every dweller in the 
Louisiana Purchase territory, by the repetition of the transfer 
ceremonies of 1803, the novel graphic presentation of the 
History of Louisiana Purchase in enormous fire illustrations 
and the generous assistance given by all of the officials of the 
exposition ; it was hardly possible to have had any other result. 

The following is the programme of the commemorative 
centennial celebration of the transfer ceremonies of December 
20th, 1803 : 

The Commemorative Centennial Celebration of the Trans- 
fer Ceremonies of December 2Q,, 1803, by which the Province 
of Louisiana was ceded by France to the United States, was 
held this day at the World's Fair, in the Sala Capitular of the 
replica of the original Cabildo of New Orleans, in the presence 
of the Honorable Newton Grain Blanchard, Governor of Lou- 
isiana, the Honorable David Rowland Francis, President of 
the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, Members of the Louisiana 
and Missouri Historical Societies, Representatives of Foreign 
Nations, Delegates of the States of the Louisiana Purchase 
and by Distinguished Citizens. 

The Transfer Ceremonies of 1803 were reproduced 1)y the 
reading of the Treaty of Cession, the Credentials, the P races 
Verbal and other historical documents iDy members of the 
Louisiana Historical Society, and a Proces Verbal was signed, 
commemorative of the day, as follows : 

President Alcee Fortier representing the French Colonial 
Prefect Pierre Clement Laussat requested the Hon. James S. 
Zacharie, representing Mr. Wadsworth, the Secretary of the 
American Commissioners, to read the Treaty of Paris i^i April 
30, 1803. 



LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. II5 

Treaty of Paris, Signed April 30, 1903, by Which 

France Ceded Louisiana to the 

United States. 

"Treaty between the French Republic and the United States, 
concerning the Cession of Louisiana, signed at Paris, the 
joth of April, 1803. 
'The President of the United States of America, and the 
First Consul of the French Repubhc, in the name of the French 
people, desiring to remove all source of misunderstanding rela- 
tive to objects of discussion, mentioned in the second and fifth 
articles of the convention of the 8th Vendemiaire, an 9 (30th 
September, 1800), relative to the rights claimed by the United 
States, in virtue of the treaty concluded at Madrid the 27th of 
October, *i795, between His Catholic Majesty and the said 
United States, and willing to strengthen the union and friend- 
ship which at the time of the said convention was happily re- 
established between the two nations, have respectively named 
their plenipotentiaries ; to-wit : the President of the United 
States of America, by and with the advice and consent of the 
Senate of the said States, Robert R. Livingston, Minister 
Plenipotentiary of the United States, and James Monroe, Min- 
ister Plenipotentiary and Envoy Extraordinary of the said 
States, near the government of the French Republic ; and the 
First Consul, in the name of the French people, the French 
citizen Barbe Marbois, Minister of the Public Treasury, who, 
after having respectively exchanged their full powers, have 
agreed to the following articles : — 

''Art. 1st. Whereas, by the article the third of the treaty 
concluded at St. Ildephonso, the 9th Vendemiaire, an 9 ( ist 
October, 1800), between the First Consul of the French Re- 
public and His Catholic Majesty, it was agreed as follows: 
'His Catholic Majesty promises and engages, on his i)art. to 
retrocede to the French Republic, six months after the full and 
entire execution of the conditions and stipulations herein rela- 
tive to His Royal Highness the Duke of Parma, the colony (^r 
province of Louisiana, with the same extent that it now has in 
the hands of Spain, and that it had when France possessed it : 
and such as it should be after the treaties subsequently entered 
into between Spain and other States.' And, whereas, in pur- 
suance of the treaty, and particularly of the third article, the 
French Rejniblic has an inccMitestable title to the domain, and 
to the possession of the said territ(^ry : The First Consul i)\ tlio 



Il6 LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

French Republic, desiring to give to the United States a strong 
proof of his friendship, doth hereby cede to the said United 
States, in the name of the French Republic, for ever and in full 
sovereignty, the said territory, with all its rights and appurte- 
nances, as fully and in the same manner as they had been ac- 
quired by the French Republic in virtue of the above-mentioned 
treaty concluded with His Catholic Majesty. 

"Art. 2d. In the cession made by the preceding article are 
included the adjacent islands belonging to Louisiana, all pub- 
lic lots and squares, vacant lands, and all public buildings, 
fortifications, barracks, and other edifices which are not private 
property. The archives, papers, and documents, relative to 
the domain and sovereignty of Louisiana and its dependencies, 
will be left in the possession of the commissaries of the United 
States, and copies will be afterwards given in due form to the 
magistrates and municipal officers of such of the said papers 
and documents as may be necessary to them. 

"Art. 3d. The inhabitants of the ceded territory shall be 
incorporated in the Union of the United States, and admitted 
as soon as possible, according to the principles of the Federal 
Constitution, to the enjoyment of all the rights, advantages 
and immunities of citizens of the United States ; and in the 
mean time they shall be maintained and protected in the free 
enjoyment of their liberty, property, and the religion which 
they profess. 

''Art. 4th. There shall be sent by the government of 
France a Commissary to Louisiana, to the end that he do every 
act necessary, as well to receive from the officers of His Catho- 
lic Majesty the said country and its dependencies, in the name 
of the French Republic, if it has not been already done, as to 
transmit it in the name of the French Republic to the commis- 
sary or agent of the United States. 

''Art. 5th. Immediatdy after the ratification of the present 
treaty by the President of the United States, and in case that 
of the First Consul shall have been previously obtained, the 
Commissary of the French Republic shall remit all the military 
posts of New Orleans and other parts of the ceded territory, to 
the Commissary or Commissaries named by the President to 
take possession; the troops, whether of France or Spain, who 
may be there, shall cease to occupy any military post from the 
time of taking possession, and shall be embarked as soon as 
possible, in the course of three months after the ratification of 
this treatv. 



LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. II7 

''Art. 6th. The United States promise to execute such 
treaties and articles as may have been agreed between Spain 
and the tribes and nations of Indians, until, by mutual consent 
of the United States and the said tribes or nations, other suit- 
able articles shall have been agreed upon. 

"Art. 7th. As it is reciprocally advantageous to the com- 
merce of France and the United States to encourage the com- 
munication of both nations for a limited time in the country 
ceded by the present treaty, until general arrangements rela- 
tive to the commerce of both nations may be agreed on, it has 
been agreed between the contracting parties, that the French 
ships coming directly from France or any of her colonies, load- 
ed only with the produce or manufactures of France or her 
said colonies; and the ships of Spain coming directly from 
Spain or any of her colonies, loaded only with the produce or 
manufactures of Spain or her colonies, shall be admitted dur- 
ing the space of twelve years in the ports of New Orleans, and 
in all other legal ports of entry within the ceded territory, in 
the same manner as the ships of the United States coming di- 
rectly from France or Spain or any of their colonies, without 
being subject to any other or greater duty on merchandise, or 
other or greater tonnage than those paid by the citizens of the 
United States. 

''During the space of time above-mentioned, no other nation 
shall have a right to the same privileges in the ports of the 
ceded territory ; the twelve years shall commence three months 
after the exchange of ratifications, if it shall take place in 
France, or three months after it shall have been notified at 
Paris to the French government, if it shall take place in the 
United States; it is, however, well understood that the object 
of the above article is to favor the manufacturers, commerce, 
freight, and navigation of France and of Spain, so far as re- 
lates to the importations that the French and Spanish shall 
make into the said ports of the United States, without in any 
sort affecting the regulations that the United States may makve 
concerning the exportation of the produce and merchandise of 
the United States, or any right they may have to make such 
regulations. 

"Art. 8th. In future, and for ever after tiie expiration of 
the twelve years, the ships of France shall be treated upon the 
footing of the most favored nations in the ports alx^ve-nicn- 
tioned. 

"Art. 9th. The particular convention, signed this dnv bv 



Il8 LOUISIAXA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

the respective ^Ministers, having for its object to provide for 
the payment of debts due to the citizens of the United States 
by the French Repubhc. prior to the 30th of September. 1800 
(8th Vendemiaire. an 9). is approved, and to have its execu- 
tion in the same manner as if it had been inserted in the pres- 
■ent treaty : and it shall be ratified in the same form, and in the 
^■ame time, so that the one shall not be ratified distinct from the 
other. 

"Another particular convention, signed at the same date as 
the present treaty, relative to the definite rule between the con- 
tracting parties, is in the like manner approved, and will be 
ratified in the same form, and in the same time, and jointly. 

"Art. loth. The present treaty shall be ratified in good 
and due form, and the ratifications shall be exchanged in the 
space of six months after the date of the signature by the ^lin- 
isters Plenipotentiary, or sooner if possible. 

"In faith whereof, the respective Plenipotentiaries have 
signed these articles in the French and English languages ; 
declaring, nevertheless, that the present treaty was originally 
agreed to in the French language : and have thereunto put their 
seals. 

"Done at Paris, the tenth day of Floreal. in the eleventh year 
of the French Republic, and the 30th of April, 1803. 

"Robert R. Livixgstox. 
''Jam:es ]\Ioxroe, 
"Barbe Marbois." 

Lucien Soniat du Fossat. Fsq.. representing ^Ir. L. Dau- 
gerot. the Secretary of the French Commissioner, then read : 

''Powers of First Consul Bonaparte to Commissioner Pierre 
Clement Laussat to receive possession of the Province of 
Louisiana from Spain. 
^'Bonaparte, premier consul, au nom du peuple Francais, 
ayant pcur but d'operer la prise dc possession de la Louisiane. 
cede a la Republique Frangaise par S. ]\I. C. en vertu du traite 
conclu a St. Ildephonse. le 9 A'endemiaire. an IX. a ete con- 
firme par celui d'Aranjuez de A'entose suivant : ayant de plus, 
pris connaissance de I'ordre par lequel sa ]\Iajeste Catholique 
charge le Gouverneur Actuel de la Louisiane de remettre cette 
colonic aux agents Francais envoyes pour la recevoir, nomme 
le Citoyen P. C. Laussat, Commissaire du Gouvernement 
Francais, lui donne plein et absolu pouvoir, commission et 
iTiandement special pour recevoir, au nom de la Republique 
Frangaise, des mains des grefiiers et autres agents preposes a 



LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. IIQ 

cet effet par sa Majeste Catholique, la colonic ou province de la 
Louisiane; pour prendre toutes les mesures relatives a I'evacu- 
ation de ce pays par les troupes Espagnoles, et pour passer tous 
les actes auxquels peuvent donner lieu ladite evacuation. En 
foi de quoi cont donnes les presentes, signees, contresignes et 
munies du sceau de la Republique. 

''A St. Cloud, le 17 Prairial, an XI, de la Republique Fran- 
(^aise (6 Juin, 1803). Signe Bonaparte, par le premier con- 
sul, le Secretaire d'Etat. Signe H. B. Maret, le Ministre de 
la Marine et des Colonies. Signe Decres." 

The Hon. James S. Zacharie, representing Mr. D. Wads- 
Vv^orth, the Secretary of the American Commissioners, then 
read the 

''Commission of President Jefferson of the United States to 
Commissioners Claiborne and Wilkinson, to receive pos- 
session of Louisiana from France. 
''Thomas Jefferson, President of the United States^ to zvhorn 
these presents letters shall come, Greeting: 

''Knov^^ ye, that having faitli and special confidence in the 
patriotism and the capacity of W. C. C. Claiborne and James 
Wilkinson, I have appointed them Commissioners and Agents 
of the United States with full power and authority, together 
and separately, to take possession and occupy the territory 
ceded by France to the United States by the treaty concluded 
at Paris on April 30th last and, to this effect to proceed to the 
said territory, and there to execute all and such acts and things 
relative which may be necessary to fulfil their commission con- 
formable to the said treaty and to the laws of the United 
States. 

''In testimony whereof I have sent these letters patents, and 
I have caused the seal of the United States to be affixed. 

"Given by my own hand at the city of Washington, the 31st 
day of October 1803 of our Lord and the 28th year of the In- 
dependence of the United States of America. 

"By the President. (Signed) "Thomas Jefferson.'''^ 

"James Madison." 

Lucien Soniat du Fossat, Es(|., representing the Secrc(ar\ 
of the French Commissioner, then read tlie 

"Commission of Colonial Prefect Pierre Clonient Paussat, 
from First Consul Ronai)arte to exchange the ratifications 
of the treaty of Paris of April 30th, 1803, and to dcli\or 



120 LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

possession of the Province of Louisiana to the United 
States" : 

''Bonaparte, premier consul, au nom du peuple Frangais, 
voulant assurer I'execution du traite et des deux conventions 
conclues signes le dix Floreal, an XI, entre la Republique 
PYancaise et les Etats-Unis d'Amerique, par le Citoyen F. B. 
Marbois, Ministre du Tresor Public, et ]^ni. R. R. Livingston 
et J. Monroe, Alinistres Plenipotentiaires des Etats-Unis, tous 
trois munis de leurs pleins pouvoirs, autorise le Citoyen P. C. 
Laussat a echanger et recevoir les ratifications du dit traite ei 
des deux conventions qui y sont jointes. et Tinvesin a cet effet, 
des pouvoirs necessaires. Et comme I'objet du dit traite est de 
faire passer aux Etats-Unis la souverainete et la propriete de 
la Colonic ou Province de la Louisiane, sous les memes clauses 
et conditions qu'elles avaient ete cedees par TEspagne a la 
Prance, en vertu du traite conclu a St. Ildephonse. le neuf Ven- 
demiaire, an neuf, entre ces deux puissances, le premier consul, 
au nom du peuple Frangais, donne au Citoyen Laussat, Prefet 
Colonial, plein et absolu pouvoir. commission et mandement du 
traite et des conventions du di:^ Floreal, an onze, et remettre, 
au nom de la Republique Francais, en qualite de commissaire 
dc son Gouvertement, aux Commissaires ou agents des Etats- 
L'nis, dument autorises a cet effet, les pays, contrees et depen- 
dances de la Louisiane, conformement aux articles premier, 
deux, quatre et cinq du dit traite, lorsque lui meme aura regu 
ia dite Colonic des officiers de S. M. C. en vertu des pouvoirs 
speciaux qui lui sont remis pour cet objet. 

''En foi de quoi sont donnes les presents, signes. contre- 
signees et munis du sceau de la Republique. 

"A St. Cloud, le 17 Prairial, an onze de la Republique Fran- 
caise (Dix Jnin, 1803). 

"Signe Bonaparte, 

"Par le Premier Consul, le Secretaire d'Etat. 

"H. B. Maret. 
"Ministre de la ^larine et des Colonies." 

The Hon. James S. Zaciiarie. representing the Secretary of 
the American Commissioners, then read : 

Proces Verbal of the exchange of ratifications of the Treaty, 
at Washington City, 28 Vendemiaire, An XII (21 Octo- 
ber, 1803) : 
"The undersigned, James Madison, Secretary of State of the 

ITnited States, and the citizen Louis Andre Pichon, Charge d'- 



LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 121 

Affaires of the French RepubHc in the United States, certify 
by these presents, that on this day, the twenty-eighth Vende- 
niiare of the year 12 of the French Repubhc, and the twent}- 
first day of October, one thousand eight hundred and three, 
they have exchanged and have mutually delivered copies rati- 
fied by the First Consul of the French Republic on the one part 
and by the President of the United States by and with the ad- 
vice and consent of their Senate, on the one part, of a treaty and 
of two conventions, signed at Paris the tenth Floreal of the 
year eleventh of the French Republic and the thirtieth of April, 
of one thousand eight hundred and three, between the Frendi 
Republic and the United States. 

''In faith whereof the undersigned have signed these pres- 
ents and affixed their seals the days and year hereinbefore 
mentioned. 

'T. A. PiCHON, 

''James Madison.'' 
The reading of these documents having been completed, 
President Alcee Fortier, representing the Colonial Prefect, 
Pierre Clement Laussat, arose and declared : 

''That he, from this moment has put into possession of the 
Commissioners of the United States, the land, countries and 
dependencies of Louisiana, in conformity with Articles I, II, 
IV and V of the treaty and the two conventions of the loth 
Floreal year nth, (30th April last), in order that in the ob- 
ject of this treaty, the sovereignty and ownership of Louisiana 
pass to the United States under the clauses and conditions by 
which they have been ceded by Spain to France, by virtue of 
the treaty concluded at St. Ildephonso the 9th Vendemiaire. 
year 12 (October ist, 1803), which has received its execution 
by the Frendi Republic in possession of the colony." 

Then, delivering the keys of the City of New Orleans to 
Commissioner William Charles Cole Claiborne, he announced: 

'T declare, by virtue of the powers with which I am invested 
and of the mission with which I am charged by the French 
Consul, that all citizens and inhabitants of Louisiana wlu^ w isli 
to remain under the domination of the United States are re- 
lieved from this moment of their oaths (^f fidelity to the Frendi 
Republic." 

The French Commissioner having exchanged places wiHi 
the American Commissioner Claib(HiK\ the lion. James S. 
2^acharie, representing the Secretai} of the American Com- 



LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 1 23 

missioners, then read the Proces Verbal of the delivery of 
Louisiana. 

The undersigned, William C. C. Claiborne and James Wil- 
kinson, commissioners or agents of the United States, agreea- 
ble to the frill powers they have received from Thomas Jeffer- 
son, President of the United States, under the date of the 
thirty-first of October one thousand eight hundred and three 
and twenty eight year of the independence of the United States 
of America (eight Brumaire twelfth year of the French Re- 
jjublic, countersigned by the Secretary of State, James Madi- 
son and citizen Peter Clement Laussat, Colonial Prefect and 
commissioner of the French Government for the delivery in the 
name of the French Republic of the country, territories and 
dependencies of Louisiana to the commissioners or agents Vj 
the United States, conformably to the powers, commission and 
special mandate which he has received in the name of the 
French people from citizen Bonaparte, first Consul, under date 
of the 6 June 1803 (17 Prairial 11 years of the French Re- 
public) countersigned by the Secretary of State, Hugues Ma- 
ret, by his Excellency the Minister of Marine and Colonies De- 
cres, do certify -by these presents, that on this day Tuesday the 
twentieth of December one thousand eight hundred and three 
of the Christian Era (twenty-eight Frimaire twelfth year ni 
the French Republic) being convened in the Hall of the Hotel 
de Ville of New Orleans, accompanied, on both sides, by the 
chiefs and officers of the army and navy, by the Municipality 
and divers respectable citizens of their respective Republic, the 
said William C. C. Claiborne and James Wilkin^^on deliverefl 
to the said citizen Laussat their aforesaid full powers, by which 
it evidently appears, that full powers and authoritv has been 
given jointly and severally to take possession of, and to occupy 
the territories ceded by France to the United States by tlic 
treaty concluded at Paris on the thirtieth day of April last 
past (tenth Floreal) and for tliat i)urpose to repair to the said 
territory and tliere to execute and perform all such acts and 
things toucliing the ])remises as nia\ 1)c necessary for t'ulfilHni; 
their apioointmcnts conformal)le to the said treaty and the law s 
of the United States; and there Uj^ion the said citizen Laussat 
declared that in virtue of and in the terms o\ the powers, com 
mission and special mandate dated at St. Cloud the sixth jum- 
one thousand eight hundred and throe of the duMstian I'j-i 
(seventeenth Prainal eleventh year of tlic French Republic) 
he put from that moment the said commissioners of the l^nilcd 



124 LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

States, in possession of the country, territories and dependen- 
cies of Louisiana, conformable to the first, second, fourth and 
fifth articles of the treaty, and the two conventions concluded 
and signed the thirtieth of April one thousand eight hundred 
and three (tenth Floreal eleventh year of the French Repub- 
lic), between the French Republic and the United States of 
America, by citizens Francis Barbe [Nlarbois. Minister of the 
Public Treasury, and Messieurs Robert R. Livingston and 
James Monroe, ministers plenipotentiary of the L'nited States, 
all three furnished with full powers, of which treaty and two 
conventions, the ratitications made by tiie first Consul of the 
French Republic on the one part, and by the President of the 
United States by and with the advice and consent of the Sen- 
ate, on the other part, have been exchanged and mutually re- 
ceived at the City of \\'asiiin.gton the tvventx-first of October 
one thousand eigrht hundred and three ( twent\'-eight \'ende- 
miaire twelfth year of the French Republic) by citizen Louis 
-Andre Pichon charge d'affaires of the French Republic near 
the L'nited States, on the part of France, and by Tames ^Nlad- 
ison. Secretary of State of the L^nited States, on the part of 
the L'nited States, according to the proces i-erhol drawn up on 
the same day ; and the present delivery of the countr}-, is made 
to them and that in conformity- with the object of the said 
treat}- the sovereignty and propeny of the colony or province 
of Louisiana, may pass to the L'nited States, under the same 
clauses and conditions as it had been ceded by Spain to France. 
in virtue of the treaty concluded at S. Ildefonso on the first 
October one thousand eight hundred (nine Vendemiaire ninth 
year) between these two last powers, which has since received 
its execution by the actual re-entrance of the French Republic 
into possession of the said colony or province. 

And the said citizen Laussat has in consequence, at this 
present time, delivered to the said commissioners of the United 
States in this public setting, the keys of the Cit}' of New Or- 
leans, declaring that iie discharges from the oaths or fidelity 
towards the French Republic, the citizens .and inhabitants of 
Louisiana, who shall choose to remain under the dominion of 
the United States. 

And that it may forever appear, the undersigned have 
signed the proces verbal of this important and solemn act, in 
the French and English languages and have sealed it with 
their seals and have caused it to be countersio:ned bv their Sec- 



LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 1 25 

retaries of commission, the day, month and year above writ- 
ten. 

(Seal) Signed, W. C. C. Claiborne. 
(Seal) Signed, James Wilkinson, 

By order of the Commissioners 
on the part of the United States, 
Signed, D. Wadsworth, Secretary of the 
American Commission . 

Laussat, 
Le Secretaire de la commission du Gouvt. francais. 
Par le Prefet Colonial Commissaire, 

Daugerot. 

After the proces vei'hal had been read, Charles F. Claiborne, 
Esq., a grandson of Governor William Charles Cole Claiborne, 
then read to the assembly : 

Address of Governor William Charles Cole 
Claiborne. 

'Tellow-Citizens of Louisiana: On the great and in- 
teresting event now finally consummated — an event so advan- 
tageous to yourselves, and so glorious tO' united America — I 
cannot forbear offering you my warmest congratulations. The 
wise policy of the Consul of France has, by the cession of 
Louisiana to the United States, secured to 3^ou a connection 
l)eyond the reach of change, and to your posterity the sure in- 
heritance oi freedom. The American people receive you as 
brothers ; and will hasten to extend to you a participation \\^ 
those inestimable rights w^hich have formed the basis of their 
own unexampled prosperity. Lhider the auspices of the Amer- 
ican Government, you may confidently rely upon the security 
of your liberty, your property, and the religion oi' \o\w clioicc. 
You may, wath equal certainty, rest assured that your com- 
merce will be promoted and your agriculture cherished : in a 
word, that your true interests will he among the priniar\ t^h- 
jects of our national Legislature, hi return I'or these bene- 
fits, the United vStates will be ani])ly remnneraled. it' \(nn- 
growing attachment to the constitution oi our country, and 
your veneration for the jMMuciples (M\ which it is fouiuletl, be 
duly proportioned to the blessings which tlie\ will C(>nfer. 
Among your lirst dulies. therefoi'c, \(»n should iMiltixale with 
assiduitv among ^■otu"sel\■es the adxaneemeni ^^\ politieal in- 



126 LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

formation ; you should guide the rising generation in the paths 
of republican economy and virtue ; you should encourage lit- 
erature; for without the advantages of education, your de- 
scendants will be unable to appreciate the intrinsic worth of 
the Government transmitted to them. 

''As for myself, fellow-citizens, accept a sincere assurance 
that during my continuance in the situation in w^hich the Pres- 
ident of the United States has been pleased to place me, every 
exertion wull be made on my part to foster your internal hap- 
piness, and forward your general welfare; for it is only by 
such means that I can secure to myself the approbation of those 
great and just men who preside in the councils of our nation." 

The following is the proclamation of Governor Claiborne 
issued in 1803. which was read from the balcony of the Ca- 
bildo by Hon. William Mehle. president of the City Council 
of New Orleans, vice Mayor Capdevielle, who was unavoida- 
bly absent. 

This proclamation, and the one issued by Governor Blan- 
chard, previously given, were printed side by side on satin and 
distributed as a souvenir on Louisiana Day : 

1803 

Proclamation of Governor Claiborne. 

By His Excellency IJ-illiani C. C. Claiborne, Governor of the 
Mississippi Territory, exercising the pozvers of Governor- 
General and Intendant of the Province of Louisiana. 
''JJliereas, By stipulations between the Governments of 
France and Spain, the latter ceded to the former the colony 
and province of Louisiana, with the same extent which it had 
at the date of the above mentioned treaty in the hands of Spain, 
and that it had when France possessed it, and such as it ought 
to be after the treaties subsequently entered into between Spain 
and other States ; and, whereas, the Government of France 
has ceded the same to the United States by a treaty duly rati- 
fied and bearing date the 30th of April, in the present year, 
and the possession of said colony and province is now in the 
United States, according to the tenor of the last mentioned 
treaty; and, whereas, the Congress of the United States, on 
the 31st day of October, in the present year, did enact that 
until the expiration of the session of Congress then sitting (un- 
less provisions for the temporary government of the said Ter- 



LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 1 27 

ritories be sooner made by Congress), all the military, civil 
and judicial powers, exercised by the then existing government 
of the same, shall be vested in such person or persons, and shall 
be exercised in such manner, as the President of the United 
States shall direct, for the maintaining and protecting the in- 
habitants of Louisiana in the free enjoyment of their liberty, 
property and religion ; and the President of the United States 
has, by his commission, bearing date the same 31st day of Oc- 
tober, invested me w^ith all the powers, and charged me with 
the several duties heretofore held and exercised by the Gov- 
ernor-General and Intendant of the province. 

''I have, therefore, thought fit to issue this my proclamation, 
making known the premises, and to declare that the Govern- 
ment heretofore exercised over the said province of Louisiana, 
as vv^ell under the authority of Spain as of the French Republic, 
has ceased, and that of the United States of x\merica is estab- 
lished over the same; that the inhabitants thereof will be in- 
corporated in the union of the United States ; that, in the 
meantime, they shall be maintained and protected in the free 
enjoyment of their libert}^ property and the religion which 
they profess; that all laws and municipal regulations which 
were in existence at the cessation of the late Government re- 
main in full force; and all civil officers charged with their ex- 
ecution, except those whose powers have been especially vested 
in me, and except also such officers as have been intrusted with 
the collection of the revenue, are continued in their functions, 
during the pleasure of the Governor for the time being, or 
until provision shall otherv/ise be made. 

''And I do hereby exhort and enjoin all the inhabitants and 
other persons within the said province to be faithful and true 
in their allegiance to the United States, and obedient to the 
laws and authorities of the same, under full assurance that 
their just rights will be under the guardianship of the United 
States, and will 1>e maintained from all force or violence from 
without or within. 

"In testimony whereof I have heretunto set my hand. Given 
at the City of New Orleans the 20th day of December, 1803. 
and of the independence of the United States of America, tlio 
28th. "W. C. C. Clatrorne." 

At the end of the services, Pierre CMioutcau. sixth in descent 
by that name, an ancient and distinguished C'rcolo family ])ot!i 
of New (Orleans and St. Louis, six \cars old. raised the I'nitcd 



128 LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

States flag in Jackson Square in front of the Cabildo, and as 
the flag reached the top of the pole, the National salute of 1803 
was fired by the ^^^ashington Artillery under command oi 
Capt. Gardiner. 

After the transfer ceremonies, speeches were made by Gov. 
David R. Francis, president of the exposition, who "deliv- 
ered an eloquent welcome address, alluding to Louisiana and 
Louisianians in the most flattering terms and bidding them 
welcome in terms more hearty and sincere than have been 
used probably in the reception of the representatives of any 
other State." It is to be regretted that Gov. Francis spoke 
without manuscript and his remarks cannot here be repro- 
duced. The old French Dominion of Louisiana was handled 
by a distinguished descendant of Joseph Villere. who was one 
of the patriot martyrs shot by O'Reilly in 1768. He wore 
on this occasion the sword presented by Napoleon to his grand- 
father, the son of the martyr, who was an officer under Napo- 
leon and who afterwards came to Louisiana and participated 
in the battle of New Orleans, and later Governor of Louisi- 
ana. The following is Mr. Omer Villere's speech : 

Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: 

In celebrating Louisiana Day at this grand Exposition, or- 
ganized for the purpose of commemorating the centenary of 
the purchase of that vast domain then known as the territory 
of Louisiana; in the presence of our distinguished and able 
Governor, and of his charming wife, who fills so well her place 
as the first lady of our State, my heart is filled with pride, and 
I wish I could do justice to the occasion : but in the short space 
of time at my command I can only refer in a very brief man- 
ner to the most salient facts relating to the Frencii domination 
in Louisiana, and shall have to forego the pleasure of relating 
many interesting anecdotes of the period. 

It was in the year 1681 that Robert Cavelier c^e Lasalle. a 
Frenchman of indomitable courage and perseverance, with the 
Chevalier de Tonti and thirty Canadians, explored the Mis- 
sissippi River in a small boat from the Illinois to the Gulf of 
Mexico, where, in 1692, he planted a cross with the arms of 
France and took possession of the whole country in the name 
of his sovereign, Louis XIV, and gave to it the name of Lou- 



LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 1 29 

isiana in honor of King Louis and his mother, Anne of Aus- 
tria. 1 will not stop to tell of this perilous journey, during the 
whole course of which they were threatened by savage Indians 
whom Lasalle held in- check by his diplomacy and cool bravery. 
Lasalle went to Paris in 1683 to report upon his explora- 
tions, and the King furnished him the means wherewith to 
plant a colony on the banks of the Mississippi. The following 
year he sailed with twelve young noblemen, twelve families of 
farmers, fifty soldiers and a few artisans, but that expedition 
was doomed to almost complete annihilation. Instead of reach- 
ing the mouth of the Mississippi, of wdiich he was in quest, the 
party landed in the Bay of St. Bernard, on the coast of Texas, 
through the treachery, it is alleged, of Captain Beaujeu, who 
commanded one of the ships. Here they built a fort to pro- 
tect themselves against the attacks of the Indians, who were 
lurking day and night around them. Lasalle left one hundred 
persons in the fort, and with the rest of the party attempted to 
reach the Mississippi by land, the ships coasting along the 
shore. A disagreement having arisen between Lasalle and 
Captain Beaujeu, the latter sailed back to France, leaving with 
the colonists twelve cannon, but refusing to land the ammuni- 
tion, on the ground that it was in the hold of the ship, and not 
accessible. One of the remaining vessels was wrecked, and 
Lasalle built another fort, which he called St. Louis, sixteen 
miles above the mouth of the Colorado river, and removed the 
whole colony there. The only ship left to Lasalle having been 
wrecked in a storm, with all the supplies of the colonists on 
board, he formed the perilous project of reaching Canada bv 
land with only twenty men. The party started in 1687, ^^"^^^"^ 
Lasalle, his nephew, and Father Athanase, a Jesuit priest, and 
after a few days his nephew and himself were murdered by 
two of their own men, to whom they had given offense. The 
rest, with the exception of tw^o, who took refuge amc^ig the 
Indians, murdered one another. Father Athanase and the 
Abbe Cavelier, after a long and periUnis journey, reached the 
fort on the Arkansas, which had been built by Lasalle on hi> 
trip down the river, and in command of which lie had left the 
Chevalier de Tonti. 

The people of Fort St. Louis had even a more misera1)lc end. 
Nearly all were killed by the Indians, who set fire to the fort. 
The rest fled into the woods, where they ])erishcd. some of 
hunger, others by the arrows of the savages. 

In 1689, ^vhilc cx])loring the banks ot' the Colorado. AKui/o 



130 LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXI'OSITION. 

de Leon found the whitened bones of the unfortunate colonists 
among the ruins of Fort St. Louis, and among- the Indians he 
discovered five small white children who spoke French, and 
whom he took with him. This was all that was left of La- 
salle's colony. 

The people of the United States have recognized the ser- 
vices of the illustrious explorer. A statue of Lasalle was 
erected in the Capitol, next to that of Washington. 

In 1699, Iberville, one of the French heroes of Canada, un- 
der the auspices of the Count of Pontchartrain, the French 
Minister of Marine, led two hundred colonists to Dauphinc 
Island, and a few days later he, his brother, Bienville, and 
Father Athanase, who had been one of the party of the unfor- 
tunate Lasalle, entered a muddy stream, which they supposed 
was the Mississippi, and, in a village of the Bayagoula Indians, 
found several blankets, a prayer book and other objects which 
Father Athanase recognized as having belonged to the com- 
panions of Lasalle, and thus knew they were in Lasalle's river. 
They ascended the Mississippi as far as Red river. Iberville 
then returned to Dauphine Island by way of Lakes Maurepas, 
Pontchartrain and Borgne, which he named, and Bienville re- 
turned by way of the river. 

The Bay of Biloxi w^as chosen as the principal site of the 
colony, and a fort was built there. 

Iberville returned to France, leaving the command of the 
fort to his brother Sauvolle, with Bienville second in com- 
mand. He returned shortly after, with new colonists. Sau- 
volle died in 1701, and Iberville, having in 1709 succumbed 
to yellow fever at St. Domingo, Bienville was left in sole com- 
mand. 

Instead of cultivating the land, the colonists were making 
a wild chase for precious metals. The Indians were constantly 
committing depredations, and the colony was not prospering. 

In 1 713, the King of France leased Louisiana to Crozat, a 
rich merchant, who was to retain it for fifteen years and colo- 
nize it wath whites and negroes. At that time the population 
amounted to only four hundred. But Crozat, not having 
reaped the expected advantage from his grant, surrendered it 
in 1 71 7. During Crozat's administration, Louisiana had re- 
trograded instead of advanced. 

In the same year Louisiana was leased to the Western Com- 
pany, sometimes known as the Mississippi Company, and later 
termed the ''Mississippi Bubble," organized by the famous 



LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 131 

financier, John Law, who had great influence with the Duke of 
Orleans, Regent of France during the minority of Louis XV. 
This company named Bienville, as Governor, and in 1718 he 
selected a site for the future capital of Louisiana and laid the 
foundation of the City of New Orleans. Many colonists ar- 
rived, and more attention having been paid to agriculture, the 
colony prospered. 

For four years from 1720 a bloody war was waged against 
the Natchez Indians, who were virtually exterminated, but the 
expense of that war and the losses occasioned thereby induced 
the Western Company, in 1732, to surrender its charter. It 
had administered Louisiana during fourteen years, and left 
it with a population of five thousand whites and twenty-five 
hundred negroes. Never before or after, under French dom- 
ination, was Louisiana as prosperous as it was under the ad- 
ministration of that company. 

The Chickasaw Indians, among whom the survivors of the 
Natchez had taken refuge, having become very m.enacing, war 
was carried on against thein from 1733 to 1740, and the col- 
ony was thereby desolated. 

The finest present that was ever received by Louisiana was 
given to her in 1751 by the Jesuits, who introduced sugar 
cane, which they received from their brothers of St. Do- 
mingo, and which became, and still is, the main staple of that 
State. 

The King of France, having, in 1755, ceded Acadia to the 
English, who named it Nova Scotia, the Acadians refused to 
take the oath of allegiance to the King of England. The Eng- 
lish then burnt their homes and embarked about seven thou- 
sand m'^n, women and children, like cattle, on board ships and 
cast them without resources on the shores of Pennsylvania, 
Virginia and the Carolinas. They wandered a long time 
through the wildernesses, and their misfortunes api)ealed even 
to the Indians, who furnished them guides and i)rovisions. 
Half perished, the rest finally arrived and settled in Lou- 
isiana, where Kerlerec, who was then Governor, gave each :i 
tract of land on the river above the City of New Orleans an.l 
furnished them with the pay and rations of soldiers. 

In 1758, sixteen thousand men having come from England 
to assist the English colonists in waging war against Canada, 
after a bloody battle, in which the renowned opposing Gen- 
erals, Montcalm and Wolf lost their lives, all (Canada submit- 
ted to the En<»lisli. A lar<>"c number of Canadians and h^-onrl'. 



132 LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

refusing to live under the English yoke, removed to Louisiana, 
upon which they looked as a part of their own country. 

The immigration of these Acadians and Canadians gaxe 
Louisiana a fine people, hardened by toil, of high moral char- 
acter and of great perseverance, and thus new^ life was infused 
into the colony, which sorely needed it, on the eve, as it was, 
of sounding the first notes of liberty on American soil and of 
proving to the world that it could not be sold like merchan- 
dise against the will of its people. 

It was about this time that Saint- rVnge left Fort Chartres, 
on the Illinois, to lay the foundations of this great City of St. 
Louis, which has grown and prospered more than any other 
city founded on this continent by the French. 

By the Treaty of Paris, about one-sixth of Louisiana, that 
portion on the right bank of the Mississippi, was ceded to Eng- 
land; and, by a secret article of that treaty, the rest of Lou- 
isiana was abandoned to Spain. The sorrow of the colonists 
was intense wdien, in 1765, the terms of that treaty were made 
known to them. 

A mass meeting of the citizens was called by Lafreniere, the 
Attorney General, and a deputation was sent to the King of 
PYance to lay before him the protest of the colonists. That 
mission failed, and, in 1766, Don Antonia de Ulloa landed in 
New Orleans with t\\'o companies of infantry to take posses- 
sion of Louisiana in the name of King Charles III. of Spain. 
He probably had exhibited his credentials to Aubry, who was 
then Governor, but refused to exhibit them to the Superior 
Council. He was coldly received, and Aubry was severely 
criticised and blamed for his deference and courtesies to the 
Spaniard. 

Lafreniere, always at the head of all movements, presented 
to the Superior Council a petition of the colonists, asking thai 
Ulloa either exhibit his credentials or leave within a month. 
At the eloquent voice of the Attorney General, W'ho declared 
that a King has no right to cede the domain of his crown, the 
Superior Council granted the request, which was backed up 
by six hundred armed citizens. Ulloa, still obstinate, em- 
barked for Spain, and was waiting for favorable wind to sail, 
when, early one morning, a festive band of young men return- 
ing from a wedding, cut loose the ropes that secured the ships 
to the shore and the Spaniards drifted down the river amidst 
the jeers of the people. For two years the colonists lived in 
the illusion that they had forever driven away the Spaniards : 



LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 1 33 

but in 1767 General O'Reilly, having arrived at the mouth of 
the river, most of the colonists, on hearing- of the fact, de- 
cided to repel force by force and to establish a Republic in 
Louisiana. 

O'Reilly landed in New Orleans at the head of four thou- 
sand five hundred Spanish troops, and was also graciously re- 
ceived by Aubry, through whom he assured the colonists that 
there was none but good feeling in his heart, and that they 
had nothing to fear from him. This assurance quieted the 
people of New Orleans, but those above the city, who had 
heard nothing of the assurance, had armed themselves, ac- 
cording to previous concert, and were marching to the city un- 
der the leadership of Joseph Villere, a son of one of Iberville's 
companions. 

O'Reilly, whose heart was filled with the desire to avenge 
the affront tO' UUoa and his followers, invited all the promi- 
nent citizens to a grand official banquet at his mansion, and 
there, while they were his trusting guests, caused the arrest 
of all those who had taken part in the attempt to resist the 
arms of Spain and cast them in prison. But another victim 
was wanting to satisfy his vengeance — Villere, who was 
known to have been the leader in all violent measures. His 
arrest seemed the more difficult, as, on hearing that New Or- 
leans had submitted to the Spaniards, he had retired to his 
plantation in the Parish of St. Charles, surrounded by devoted 
followers. He was thinking of taking refuge at Manchac un- 
der the British flag in order not to compromise his followers, 
when he received a letter from Aubry, inviting him to come to 
New Orleans and assuring him of protection. As he entered 
the city he was seized and taken on board a Si)anish ship an- 
chored in the middle of the river, for fear that an attempt 
might be made to liberate hiuL His wife, a daughter of the 
Chevalier de la Chaise, hearing of his arrest, caused herself to 
be rowed to the ship by a slave, and called out to her husband. 
Villere, at the sound of her voice, rushed forward, and fell 
pierced by the bayonets of his guards. His ])1o(h1v shirt was 
then thrown to his wife to api)rise her that slie no longoi- had 
a husband. The other ]M-isoners were immediately tried, and 
on the 28tli of September, I/Cm), T.afreniere. N(\vaut, ^lilhet. 
Marcjuis and l\aresse were shot in tlic i)ublic square — mar(\i-s 
in tlie first attenqit to establish a l\e])ubhc on this continent. 

Thus was ])ossession of Louisiana taken h\- the Spaniard-, 
and tlnis ended l^rencli domination on llie l)anks <>t" tlio Mi^ 



134 LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

sissippi, after having lasted seventy years; and it is perhaps 
as well that the French lost all their possessions in America, 
for thev were never siicces'tul. like the English, in the devel- 
opment of their colonies. 

In recalling the failure of the f^rench as colonists, it would 
seem unfair and ungrateful were I to omit mentioning the 
fact, well known to every student of history, that at a mo- 
m.ent when the army of General Washington and the cause of 
liberty seemed in imminent peril, it was the French that of- 
fered us a helping hand and sent to our aid her noble sons, La- 
fayette, Rochambeau and de Grasse, whose participation in 
the war for independence has endeared them to every Amer- 
ican. 

King Louis X\'L of France sent for Joseph A'illere's son 
and caused him to be educated at the French court, where he 
became a page, and at eighteen he was commissioned a Lieu- 
tenant in the French Army, when tiie King presented him 
with this sword. (^The speaker here exhibited Governor Vil- 
lere's sword.) At the death of his mother, he returned to Lou- 
isiana to supervise his large private interests. He wore this 
same sword as General of the State ^Militia when tiie English 
landed on his plantation below the city. In 1816 he became 
die second American Governor of Louisiana. He left many 
descendants, among whom I have the honor to count myself. 

The Spanish domination of Louisiana was treated in an 
able manner by Lieutenant Governor Albert Estopinal him- 
self a distinguished scion of Spanish nobility. The following 
is his speecii : 

The Spanish Domination in Louisiana. 

(Address by Hon. Albert Estopinal, delivered at the St. Louis 
Exposition on Louisiana Day. September 14th. 1904.) 

Mr. Cliaiiijiau. Ladies and Gentlemen: 

This grand exposition, the greatest the world has ever 
known: this great demonstration, these solemn ceremonials, 
these splendid festivities, are fitting celebrations of the Cen- 
tennial of the transfer by France of this m.agnificent domain to 
the United States, out of which have been carved the great 
sovereignties lying between the Father of ^^'aters and the 
Rockv Mountains, the blue waves of the Gulf of Mexico. 



LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 1 33 

which lave the shores of my own home county, and the snow 
capped ranges of the far off wintry North. 

On this occasion the task has been assigned to me to refer 
to the era when this vast territory was under the Spanish 
domination, and however briefly and imperfectly in the time 
allotted to me I am able to trace the important events of that 
domination which have left their impress on the history an^l 
civilization of this territory, still with a filial, therefore par- 
donable pride, I will narrate as tersely as possible, somewhat 
of the history of that Spanish domination. 

Long after the days, when with hearts of fiery valor and 
muscles and sinews of steel, a few Spaniards under Cortes and 
the Pizarros, overcame countless thousands and planted the 
Spanish Gon-falon in Mexico and Central and South Amer- 
icas ; long after that dauntless Spaniard, Balboa, waded down 
the trackless verdure of the Darien mountains into the sea, 
and with blade in hand, there claimed sovereignty for Spain 
even over that vast unknown Western ocean ; long after that 
fearless Spaniard, DeSoto, toiling through all the trackless 
wilds, was the first white man to discover the mighty river now 
flowing by your very doors, Louisiana was discovered and 
sparsely settled by Frenchmen. That colony, under French 
domination, suffered the various and alternating good for- 
tunes and reverses of the early French colonies in America. 

France, herself, after a century of misrule and oppression 
under profligate and depraved rulers and oppressors, deter- 
mined in 1762, to make a free cession to Spain of the province 
of Louisiana, which was then in a deplorable condition. So 
deplorable in fact was her condition that Charles TIL of Spain 
hesitated to accept this gift from Louis XV. of France, though 
France deemed herself well rid of a burden which she had to 
constantly be ready to defend against her old-time foes, the 
English. 

To the miserable failure of Ulloa to take possession of the 
colony may be attributed the only dark page in the history of 
the Spanish domination of Louisiana. LUloa was a scientist, 
not an administrator. He lacked tact in treating with a peo- 
ple who were to be torn from their Mother Country and given 
into the control of strangers whose laws, custouL^ and language 
were so different from their own. 

Had Ulloa possessed the sjjirit of broad statesmanship re- 
quired by the emergency, tempered with justice and mildness. 
there is no doubt he could have obtained the ixond will oi the 



136 LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

colonists, and would have been allowed to take quiet posses- 
sion of the country. But instead, he treated the inhabitants 
with hauohtiness and disregarded their petitions for redress 
of the wrongs imposed upon them by his own arbitrary and 
tyrannical orders. He failed signally in conciliating the lead- 
ers of the colony and brought about the revolt against Span- 
ish authority, which resulted in the tragic execution of La- 
freniere and his companions. 

O'Reilly was not the blood-thirsty tyrant that he was repre- 
sented to be. Every act of his administration after the execu- 
tion of the revolutionists w^as marked by ability of the highest 
order tempered with moderation and justice. But the shed- 
ding- of the blood of Lafreniere, Villere, Milhet and their com.- 
panions, can find no justification in the eyes of posterity and 
has left an indelible blot upon the memory of its author. 

After planting on a strong foundation Spain's domination 
in Louisiana, and inaugurating many reforms in the affairs 
of the colony, O'Reilly took his departure, carrying with him 
the respect of the colonists and the esteem and affection of 
those who knew^ him intimately. O'Reilly was succeeded by 
Don Louis de Unzaga, whose judicious and mild government 
contributed greatly to the development of all her industries 
and the general prosperity of the colony. 

We now come to the most eventful period of the history of 
the Spanish domination : 

A youth of barely tw^enty-one is placed at the head of the 
colony, but Don Bernardo de Galvez was a born leader of 
men, one of those characters who rise to fame without proba- 
tion and at the first opportunity that is offered. Galvez's fame 
does not rest upon his military achievements only w^hich must 
place him among the most daring captains of his times, but 
also upon the wise and enlisfhtening administration. of the gov- 
ernment of the colony. He seemed to possess the faculty of 
imparting his energy to all those around him. Thus onlv can 
w^e account for his phenomenal success in his campaigns 
against the Ensflish. His broad, liberal policv in the civil con- 
cerns of the colony greatly endeared him to the masses of the 
people. In acknowdedgment and as a reward -for his eminent 
services, he was appointed in 1785 Captain General of Lou- 
isiana and West Florida, which latter he had added to the 
Spanish Domain by his own valor. He was succeeded by Don 
Estevan Miro, w^ho, though not possessed of the magnetic 
character of his predecessor, was, nevertheless, a worthy sue- 



LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 1 37 

cesser to a Bernardo de Galvez ; his administration was ener- 
getic, enlightened and wise. The progress of the colony w^as 
very marked. A census taken in 1788 showed an increased in 
population since the last census taken in 1785 of 10,000. The 
adiminstration of Miro terminated with the year 1791. He 
returned to Spain where he continued his military career and 
became a Lieutenant General. He carried with him, says 
Judge Martin, in his history of Louisiana, the good wishes 
and the regrets of the colonists. Miro was succeeded by the 
Baron de Carondelet, under wdiose administration the colonv 
continued to prosper. 

There occurred during this administration an event of the 
greatest importance to Louisiana. The establishment of the 
sugar industry by Etienne de Bore. At this moment, says 
Gayarre, when Louisiana w^as looking around for the discovery 
of some means to escape from annihilation, marks a distinct- 
ive period in the history of Louisiana. From that moment, 
the prosperity of the colony was assured. 

Great credit is due and should be given to the two Span- 
iards, Solis and Mendez, who, in spite of the failures and dis- 
appointments they encountered, persisted in their efiforts to 
manufacture sugar, until Mendez did succeed in a measure, 
and it was this partial success that induced de Bore, an ener- 
getic and enterprising citizen and a man of means, who, con- 
vinced of the practicability of Mendez's methods, adopted 
them, staked all he possessed in the venture and succeeded. 
Louisianians will always look upon him as one of their great- 
est citizens and benefactors. 

We now come to the administration of Brigadier-General 
Gayoso de Lemos. The Spaniards had by this time realized 
the impossibility of operating a dismemberment of the Union, 
and the order came from the Court of Madrid to comply with 
the stipulations of the treaty of 1795, which required a survey 
of the line of demarcation and the surrender of the ceded ter- 
ritory. 

The historian (iayarre, a(l\'erting to the c\cnts abo\-c alhulod 
to says : 

''Thus were defeated all the efforts and schemes oi Spain 
to protect lier AmericcUi colonies against the encroachment^ 
which she foresaw." 

The Count of Aranda, one of the al)lcst statesmen of Spain, 
at that period, orii;inall\- urged the acceptance (^f Louisian.i 
from France, on the jj round of urgent ncccssitx i)\ establish- 



138 LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

ing a permanent barrier between the growing power and am- 
bition of the Northern British colonies, and the weaUhy but 
weak provinces of Mexico. The same Minister, says Gayarre, 
after signing the Treaty of Paris in 1783, had submitted a 
secret memoir in which he declared that the independence of 
the British colonies filled his mind wdth grief and fear, and 
expressed his belief that both France and Spain acted in oppo- 
sition to their interests, when they espoused the cause of those 
colonies because he regarded the existence of the United States 
of America as highly dangerous to the Spanish-American pos- 
sessions, and on this subject used the following expression : 

"This Federal Republic is born a pigmy, if I may be al- 
lowed so to express myself. It has required the support of 
two such powder ful States as France and Spain, to obtain its 
mdependence. The day wall come w^hen she wall be a giant, 
a colossus, formidable even to these countries." 

After adverting further upon the subject, he concludes by 
proposing as the best means of averting this imminent danger, 
that Spain should relinquish the Americas, and establish there- 
in three of the Infantes; one to be King of Mexico, one of 
Peru and the other of. the Costa Firme, retaining under the 
dominion of the Mother Country only Porto Rico and Cuba. 

The Count of Aranda was no doubt a very far-sighted 
statesman, but his prophecy could not have compassed within 
the scope of his imagination, the possibility that the pigmy of 
whom he spoke in 1783, as a future giant and colossus, would 
attain his full stature wdthin the limits of 120 years, after the 
utterance of his prophecy, and wrest from Spain her only re- 
maining colonies, Cuba and Porto Rico, in the Western hem- 
isphere, stretching her giant arm across the great ocean, dis- 
covered by a gallant son of Spain, to seize her only colony in 
the Eastern hemisphere. 

When the Marquis de Casa Calvo assumed the government 
of Louisiana, he found the colony in a prosperous condition. 
It was during this administration that began a series of events 
and negotiations w^hich ultimately terminated her existence as 
an European colony. 

When Don Manuel de Salcedo, a Brigadier-General in the 
armies of Spain, succeeded Casa Calvo in 180 1, a spirit of 
great unrest and agitation prevailed in the colony. It began 
to be generally knowm that Louisiana, by secret treaty, had 
been retroceded to France. 

Charles IV, who then occupied the Spanish throne, was r. 



LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. i. 

man of very little force of character. He allowed the Queen's 
favorite, Godoy, Prince of Peace, to rule in his place. Bona- 
parte, who was then the absolute dictator of the French Re- 
public, wished to revive the colonial empire of France, and 
he thought of Louisiana, which had been ceded to Spain by 
Louis XV, in 1762. Godoy was no match for the First Consul 
who easily persuaded him that if France acquired Louisiana 
ag-ain that province would serve as a protection for Mexico and 
the Gulf. 

On October ist, 1800, a treaty was negotiated at St. Pl- 
defonso, by Berthier, who became later Napoleon's chief of 
stafif, by which his Catholic Majesty agreed to retrocede the 
colony to France; yet, it was not till October 15th, 1802, that 
Charles IV signed the treaty of retrocession. 

Thus ended the Spanish domination in Louisiana, a dom- 
ination that lasted only about thirty-five years, but which has 
left an impress on her civilization and her laws, on the man- 
ners, customs and chivalry of her people, which centuries will 
not efface. It has implanted in her descendants that knightly 
love for the brave which impelled Admiral Cevera to inform 
his foemen that the gallant Hobson was at least safe. It has 
left its impress in the loveliness of her daughters ; and in the 
taste of her children for the beautiful in music, poetry and art. 

To the historian, philosopher, statesman and poet, in the 
review of the history of those early days, alike will come a 
reverential feeling of pride for Spain ; for Spain, that gave a 
new world to the old ; for Spain, who was the mother of more 
countries than any other nation in all the world's history ; for 
Spain, who even after defeat, in her present days of peace, in- 
dustry and prosperity, bids fair to become once more, as in 
the days of her glory, one of the great and powerful nations of 
the earth. 

Governor Newton C. Blanchard closed the exercises by the 
following speech on ''One Hundred Years of American Dom- 
ination :" 

The subject assigned to nic ahnost forbids to thrust aside 
the curtain of the remote i)ast and peer into the colonial period 
of our existence. But so much that is material to the discus- 
sion of my theme is inseparable from the romantic and chival- 
rous era that preceded the incorporation of Louisiana into the 
American Union, that I may be pardoned for touching here 
and there upon important events trans])iring antoiior to the 
memorable year 1803. 



i40 [.OUISIAXA AT THE LOUISIANA rLRCliASE EXPOSITION. 

I hold it to be true that the dashing and briUiant Spanish 
warrior and statesman, Bernardo de Galvez, contributed as 
largely to the achievement of American independence as any 
man not engaged in the heroic struggle for freedom. 

But for his predatory raids against the English along the 
Florida coast, the task of the Continental army would have 
been infinitely greater. This young Spanish governor, gifted 
with superb courage and remarkable power of resource, swept 
the southern coast of North America clear of the troops ot 
George iii., and in so doing contributed greatly to the success 
of American re\'olutionary arms. His friendship for the strug- 
gling American colonies was attested on numerous occasions, 
and his zeal in destroying British power in Southern Florida 
constitutes a bright chapter in the history of America. 

Many modern chroniclers and historians contend that it was 
in Louisiana that the first cry for civic liberty uttered on 
this side of the Atlantic was heard. 

When the Spanish Governor, Ulloa, a ripe scholar, but an 
iridiffereiit statesman, was banished from Louisiana by De La- 
freniere and his small but courageous host, it is held that the 
idea of these zealots was not to again seek coalition with the 
mother country. France, but to organize an American inde- 
pendenc}- under the protection of England. 

De Lafreniere, ]\lilhet. Xoyan, Marquis and Caresse, how- 
ever, paid with their lives the penalty of their temeritv ; and 
this was eight years before the signing of the Declaration of 
Lidependence. 

The real purpose of these men in rebelling against Spanish 
rule is one of the many unfathomable mysteries handed down 
to posterity by the events of that period. But close students 
of Louisiana regard it as certain that the spirit of American 
liberty had its ramifying branches in Louisiana long before 
that glorious instrument of freedom, America's ]\Iagna Char- 
ta, had become a chapter in the history of civilization. 

\\'hen it is recalled that as early as 171 7 Cadillac, and, later, 
in 1726, Valdeterre, King's Commissioner, complained of the 
"republican spirit" of the Louisianians, it will be seen that the 
claim that Louisiana was the cradle of American libertv is en- 
titled to no small consideration at the hands of modern histo- 
rians and commentators. 

The conditions which brought about the purchase of Louisi- 
ana from Napoleon are familiar to every intelligent American. 
The successful negotiation was born of American necessitv. 



LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 141 

The benevolent and peaceful assimilation of the inhabitants ot 
Louisiana and the subsequent control of the Mississippi river 
was as indispensable as the unification of the thirteen Amer- 
ican commonwealths east of the Mississippi. 

Thomas Jefferson, governing a country just recovering 
from the ravages of a long, bitter and devastating war, saw 
in foreign ownership of Louisiana a serious menace to peace 
and American development. 

Secretly advised of the impending recession of Louisiana 
by Spain to France, Jefferson opened negotiations with Napo- 
leon, first through Robert Livingston, American minister to 
France, and later, through Livingston and Special Envoy 
James Monroe, for the purchase of Orleans and the Floridas. 

Doubtless the fervid speeches made in Congress by one or 
two extremists, who advised armed invasion of Louisiana, 
somewhat accelerated the neg'otiations from the American 
point of view. 

History teaches us that it was not, at first, the purpose of 
Jefferson to treat for the purchase of the entu'e Louisiana 
tract. The instructions of Livingston and Monroe were re- 
stricted to acquiring the territory of Orleans and the Floridas. 
But Napoleon wished to part with the whole domain, then a 
vast, unknown region, which the expeditions of Lewis and 
Clark were soon to open to the commerce of the world. 

Candor compels the admission that Napoleon was not stin)- 
ulated by motives of patriotism, nor a desire to promote Amer- 
ican greatness in parting with Louisiana. 

He was swayed by motives of expediency, sui)erin(luced 
largely by antagonism to England and English antagonism 
to him. To quote 'his own words, he 'Svished to give England 
a maritime rival that would sooner or later humble her pride." 

It is patent that throughout Napoleon's treatment of the 
Louisiana purchase question there runs a vein of strong, im- 
placable dislike and dread of his traditional foe. In confer- 
ring with his ministers, Barbe-Marbois and Decres, on the ad- 
visability of parting with Louisiana, he said : 

'*A few lines of treaty have given it (Louisiana) back tc^ 
me, and hardly have I recovered it when I must expect to lose 
it. But if I lost it, it will be dear'er one day to those who coni- 
]:)el me to abandon it llian to those to wh(^m I wish to dolixcr 
it." 

Prophetic words ! 

The Louisiana of 1803, whicli ihc United States tliiis nc- 



142 LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

quired through the desire of an extraordinary warrior to "get 
even" with and to "head off'' a hated foe, was a goodly land, 
bountifully endow^ed with the richest gifts of Providence, and 
awaiting only the touch of man to make it ripen into the fullest 
development. What it is to-day, American enterprise, inge- 
nuity and progress have made it. Nature was kind, but na- 
ture has been supplemented with enlightened methods of de- 
velopment, and we may well boast of living to-day in "God's 
own country." 

When we took over .this country, it was a vast territory, 
little known and with no fixed western boundaries, with mil- 
lions of acres upon which no adventurous Caucasian foot had 
trod and countless mountain streams whose valleys -had not 
vet resounded to the exultant shout of the American pioneer. 

At the time of our acquisition it had a Caucasian population. 
all told, of less than fifty thousand. 

To-day this domain, embracing in whole or in part four- 
teen States and territories of the American Union, is peopled 
by over fifteen million souls. 

Within its borders are produced everything that can be cul- 
tivated in a temperate and sub-tropical clime. The music oi 
its spindles and factory wheels is incessant. Its mines are 
producing gold and silver, coal, iron, zinc and salt, sulphur 
and lead by the hundreds of thousands of tons. Its oil fields 
yield millions of barrels of crude petroleum and fuel oil yearly. 
Its lumber interests are so vast as to be beyond accurate com- 
putation. Its fields of waving corn and wheat, of cotton and 
sugar cane, of barley, rye and rice, com.prise, as it w^ere, the 
bulwark of American agricultural supremacy. Its orchards, 
producing numerous varieties of fruits, are an item of im- 
measurable importance in the material development of the 
nation. 

The century's progress, indeed, is marked by paths of de- 
velopment that constitute an eloquent tribute to American ge- 
nius. The raising of the Stars and Stripes at New Orleans 
in December, 1803, w^as something more than a mere trans- 
ference of sovereignty. It was the birth of a new epoch of 
civilization. 

The change from a mild form of despotism to liberal and 
enlightened government produced an immediate and distinct 
effect in Louisiana. 

The people of this great tract, then a mere handful as com- 
pared with the millions that inhabit it to-day, were speedih- 



LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. I43 

reinforced by thousands of immigrants and home seekers, 
lured to the new territory by its many attractions of soil and 
climate. Immediately there began the work of laying the 
foundation of our present greatness. Buoyant life and hope 
took possession of the people. They had a new country to 
f^ettle and subdue to the wants and purposes of man. Full of 
spirit and aggressive resolve, they set to work the task to ac- 
complish. Loyalty to the new government characterized those 
of the old regime. The determination to add new glories to 
the Republic, by developing the new country, animated those 
who came to cast their lot with it. 

How well they wrought might well engage the descriptive 
powers of a Bulwer. Countless evidences of the marvelous 
changes from then to now are visible everywhere in the 938.- 
398 square miles which constitute the Louisiana Purchase ter- 
ritory. One is here at hand. We stand, ladies and gentlemen, 
in sight of the spot where in 1764 Choteau and Laclede threw 
up a few rude huts and called the place St. Louis. 

What a transformation since that day ! 

The trading post has become a magnificent metropolis, the 
fourth in point of population in the United States, and the first 
in importance in many lines of commercial activity. 

The camping ground of Choteau and Laclede has become 
a city of seven hundred and fifty thousand people. How much 
this means of development and grandeur! Can it be equalled 
anywhere on the face of God's green earth outside of the great 
American Republic? All hail to St. Louis, imperial in her 
greatness and glory ! 

And down with us, where the great river enters upon its 
last reach before mingling its waters with the waves of the 
sun-kissed Gulf, we have her sister. New Orleans, of queenly 
grace, the early capital of the Louisiana territory, the glitter- 
ing gem of the alluvial valley of the river, of rapidly aug- 
menting commercial importance, now second only to Ncav 
York as a port, whose coming glory as one of the greatest cit- 
ies of America may be easily discerned by him gifted with tb.e 
power to forecast the early future. 

Time is the book of life upon the leaves of which the world 
writes its record. Nations come and go; generation after gen- 
eration turn the pages u])on which without reserve the wiM-ld's 
history is chronicled. 

We must not think it is all of man's (UMnos. Fn the fullness 



144 LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

of time events ripen and consummation follows. Man is mere- 
ly the instrument used by the great Directing Power. 

It was the design of Providence that the discovery and set- 
tlement of this countn- by France was made, to be afterwards 
transferred to the authority of Spain: and it was of the de- 
sign of ProA'idence that this province of Louisiana, extending 
from the Mississippi well-nigh to the Pacific ocean, should 
pass under the strong jurisdiction of the United States. 

France sowed the seed in Louisiana : Spain nourished the 
young plant : America brought it to its present splendid fruc- 
tification. 

How pleasant to think that this fair land came to us without 
the shedding of human blood or the sacrifice of human life. 
Through tiie foresight of Thomas JeflFerson and the skill of 
American diplomacy, its acquisition was peacefullv accom- 
plished. 

The purchase price of real estate transactions between na- 
tions has usually been human blood and human life. 

Xot so with the Louisiana acquisition. It was money only 
that it cost us. Fifteen million dollars in round numbers, and 
for what is now twelve States and two Territories. 

\'iewed from a business standpoint, it was the greatest real 
estate transaction on record in the world's historv-. L'ncle Sam 
proved himself early a great trader and has kept it up ever 
since, until now his capacity for barter and trade and large 
business affairs and commercial ventures is at once the won- 
der, the admiration and the envy of the world. 

Those who took part in the great transaction — wise as they 
were — fell far short of realizing the supreme importance oi 
the step to the United States. 

The master mind of Xapoleon came nearer it. He seems 
to have comprehended in a large degree its ettect on the historA- 
of the world, and foresaw, as the result of the acquisition, the 
coming glory, greatness and power of the L'nited States. 

The Louisiana Purchase Exposition celebrates in a manner 
thoroughly grand and national the centennial of the peaceful 
acquisition of this territory. 

And the nations of the world are assembled here to join 
with us in the great celebration, to take us by the hand in 
friendly greeting and wish us God-speed: to behold in these 
grand palaces and buildings and the American exhibits found 
there the evidences of our greatness and power, and to prove 



LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. I45 

by their own exhibits that the race for precedence is a close 
one between the Old World and the New. 

A great good fortune to our forbears and to us was the ac- 
quisition of this territory, and even as much was therein and 
thereby given us, so was much expected of us in what we 
would do with it, how handle it, how make the most of it. 

The results which we of the United States are able to show 
to-day as the fruit of our possession of this fair land justify 
an hundred fold the placing of it in our hands. 

Nowhere on the face of the earth and at no time have men 
done more to deserve so fair a heritage. 

Go forth through these Exposition grounds and in their 
marvelous exhibits of the resources and wealth of the States 
carved out of the Louisiana Purchase may be read the story 
not only of their prodigious development, but of a nation's 
glory, as well. 

The products here to be seen of the forest, the farm, the 
factory and the mines, constituting the visible, tangible re- 
sults of the labor and the faith of those whose fortunate des- 
tiny made them inhabitants of the Purchase territory, bring to 
the mind a realizing sense of the wonderful century we have 
just rounded out. 

Amazing growth and power, indeed, characterize the one 
hundred years during which the territory has existed under 
the inspiring and broadening influences of self-government. 

If this World's Fair were not itself conclusive evidence es- 
tablishing the truth of these things I am saying, abundant 
statistics, of the most authentic character, are at hand to prove 
it, were I to find it in my heart to weary this audience with a 
recital of the same. 

Before that merciless audience, the Lower House of Con- 
gress, whenever a member is making an uninteresting speech, 
it is not long before some fellow sings out, "Give him leave 
to print." 

I am sure I should deserve the same fate were T to go into 
statistics in this address. So I will not do it. 

The adventurous S]:)aniard, Hernando DeSoti\ traxorsinj; 
forest and stream and mountain, ])ro(ligal in tlicir wild fast- 
nesses, looked his lirst npon the great l^\'illicr ni Rixers in tlio 
year 1541. 

His were the (Irst white man's eyes to meet the shimmer <u' 
its waters. lie ])assed o\er it and beyond il. (o rctnrn a lew 
inontlis later, onl\- to fnul a last resting plaee in its depths. 



146 LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

The Story sounds strange to our ears, yet 'tis true, that one 
hundred and eighty years of stagnant stilhiess elapsed between 
. the discovery of the Mississippi and the first attempt at a set- 
tlement upon its banks. And still another hundred years rolled 
around after such settlement before that mighty "deed of the 
pen" was done which transferred to the United States the 
great country within whose womb lay the germ of a mighty 
empire, to develop which was the stupendous task undertaken 
for themselves and us by the great men who brought about its 
acquisition. 

When the deed w^as done the American Republic was a 
child in the family of the world's nations. 

Small of stature and puny of power, dressed in a govern- 
ment habit essentially unlike the others, young Sammie was 
regarded indifferently as a freak or an experiment. It was 
doubtful if he would survive the ordeals of infantile life. 

To-day (our foreign friends will pardon me) he is the most 
robust of the family. From an area embracing thirteen 
States the Republic has expanded to one embracing forty-five 
States and four Territories, not including Alaska, Porto Rico 
and the Sandwich Islands, and bounding ten thousand miles 
across the width of the Pacific ocean, your young Sammie, 
who has now become Uncle Sam, has landed in tbe Eastern 
Hemisphere, and straddles the Philippine archipelago, a ver- 
itable Colossus. 

A great country, indeed, ladies and gentlemen, is ours. But 
let us not be content with having it merely physically great, or 
great in glory and power and might, as nations reckon the 
same. Let us see to it that it is great, and always growing 
greater, in faith, hope and charity; great in justice, equity and 
truth; great in steadfastness of principle and uprig-htness of 
conduct ; great in all these attributes Avhich make men more 
akin to the Divine. 

Let us make, more than ever, the United States of America 
present to the people of the world the example of a great Re- 
public, possessed of every variety of climate and production, 
whose people are as one again, loyally devoted to the n'^r ' 
uity of the Union, fearing no foreign foe, following the pur- 
suits of peace, serving God according to the dictates of con- 
science, and solving practically the great problem of self-gov- 
ernment. 

Since my theme to-day has been ''American Domination in 
the Purchase Territorv," it might !)e considered invidious were 



LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 1 47 

1, in closing, to single out any one (even my own) of the grea^. 
commonwealths that boast Louisiana motherhood, and tell of 
its past struggles, its present greatness, and its brightness of 
promise for the future. 

But I surely will be pardoned by this amiable and acconv 
plished audience if I declare that among the States of the Lou- 
isiana tract none deserve to occupy a more conspicuous posi- 
tion than my own native State of Louisiana. To it the tender- 
est memories cling, and with it are connected many heroic in- 
cidents and historic associations. It is at once the home of 
energy, industry and achievement and the dwelling place of 
beauty, chivalry and valor. If there be any here who have not 
visited Louisiana, do so quickly. Stand not upon the order 
of your going, but go; for there may be seen the veritable 
''Land of Promise." 

No other State in tiie American Union presents greater 
allurements to the homeseeker, the investor, the money maker. 

The editor of a great newspaper (the Chicago Tribune) 
wrote, after a visit to Louisiana : 'Tf , by some supreme effort 
of Nature, Western Louisiana, with its soil, climate and pr.^- 
duction, could be taken up and transported north to the lati- 
tude of Illinois and Indiana, and be there set down in the 
pathway of Eastern travel, it would create a commotion that 
would throw the discovery of gold in California in the shade 
at the time of the greatest excitement." 

He might have said the same thing of other parts of the 
Louisiana of to-day, 

A Greek legend teaches us that the sun rides in a golden 
car from the Garden of Hesperides to the place whence he rises 
again. In his ceaseless journeyings his beaming majesty looks 
upon no fairer spot than our own dear Louisiana. 

And this fair Louisiana of ours loves her sisters and jov- 
fully greets them here to-day. She rejoices in their prosper- 
ity and greatness, tenders her congratulations, and indulges in 
the hope that the future may be stored with all good things to 
promote their wealth and happiness. 

Such is the message she bids me deliver here to-day. 

At three o'clock p. ul, a luncheon was served in the Vienna 
restaurant in honor of the Governc^r and his staff, and was at- 



T48 LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

tended by over two hundred visitors and Louisianians. The 
following responded to toasts : 

President David R. Francis, 

Mayor Rolla \\'ells, 

Hon. John Allen, of ]*^Iississippi. 

Gov. X. C. Blanchard. 

Col. Charles Schuler^ 

Col. Jas. S. Zacharie. 

Col. Alba Hey wood. 

At 7 p. m.. on the Piazza of St. Louis were displayed fire- 
works by Prof. Pain, in which was presented a graphic his- 
tory of Louisiana in fire. Some of these pictures were one 
hundred feet long and sixt}- feet high, and all were realistic 
to a high degree. During this exhibition Governor and Mrs. 
Blanchard and their invited guests, the staff and the Commis- 
sion occupied the band-stand in front of the Piazza and two 
thousand chairs were gratuitously furnished Louisianians for 
the occasion, another manifestation of the interest and gener- 
osity of the authorities of the exposition. 

At 8 :30 p. m. Governor and ]\Irs. Blanchard held a recep- 
tion in the lower room of the Cabildo. which was attended by 
over one thousand people. 

AMiile this reception was going on below, a dance was held 
in the Sala Capitular, where Kerns' orchestra discoursed the 
finest music. This orchestra also gave a Creole concert with 
the music of 1803 and subsequent years, during the intermis- 
sions of the dance. 

An immense crowd attended, order and enjo}'ment reigned 
supreme until past midnight, when the exercises of the day 
were closed. 

The following were the members of the Governor's staff 
present, a picture of which is here gi^en : 

Adjutant General D. T. Stafford, of Alexandria ; Quarter- 
master General F. F. ]\Jyles. of Xew Orleans ; -Surgeon-Gen- 
ci-al W. G. Owen, of White Castle : Colonels Arsene Perrilliat. 
Chief of Engineers, of Xew Orleans ; T. J. Thompson, of Opc- 
lousas : T. W. Alexander, of Alexandria; John F. Irvine, of 



LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. I49 

Bayou Sara : William Murray, of New Orleans ; Alphonse Prud- 
homme, of Bermuda ; Thomas Gregory, of Natchitoches ; Mark 
M. Boatner, of New Orleans ; W. H. Wise, of Shreveport ; C. C. 
Pritchard, of Catahoula ; W. H. Byrnes, of New Orleans ; A. R. 
Blakeley, of New Orleans; I. M. Lichtenstein, of New Orleans: 
E. B. Gushing, of New Orleans ; A. Estopinal of .St. Bernard ; 
J. W. Person, Jr., of New Orleans; Lieutenant-Golonels A. D. 
Stewart, of Opelousas ; John Marks, of Napoleonville ; E. S. 
Gobb, of New Orleans ; Albert Baldwin, Jr., of New Orleans ; 
Thomas Beary, of Thibodaux ; G. D. Gondran, of Belle Helene ; 
Alba Heywood, of Jennings ; W. P. Hickman, of Boyce ; Ben 
Wolfson, of Natchitoches ; John K. Ridgely, of New Orleans ; 
W. L. Young, of Shreveport; Majors L. H. Marrero, Jr.. of 
JefTerson ; George T. Lewis, of Patterson ; C. H. Pescay, of 
New Orleans ; John L. Hodges, of Shreveport ; A. W. Newlin, 
of New Orleans ; Jeff D. Hardin, Jr., of New Orleans ; Hughes 
L. DeLavergne, of New Orleans ; Alfred H. Isaacson, of New 
Orleans ; Peter Fabacher, of New Orleans ; Clarence W. Mur- 
phy, of New Orleans ; Adolfo Dugue, of New Orleans ; Porteous 
R. Burke, of New Iberia; L. V. Landry, of Iberville; W. V. 
Seeber, of New Orleans; Wallace M. Davidson, of Springfield; 
E. J. Gay, of Plaquemine; Guy J. Ray, of Ponchatoula; A. W. 
Berdon, of New Orleans ; William Jordan, of New^ Orleans ; L. 
H. Dinkins, of New Orleans; J. M. Oge and Carl Quentell, of 
New^ Orleans ; G. T. Tebault, of New Orleans. 

The following were the reception committee for the dav : 
Mr. Thos. P. Thompson, chairman; General John B. Levert, 
Col. Charles Schuler, Col. G. W. Bolton, Maj. J. G. Lee, Col. 
S. McC. Lawrason, Hon. Jas. S. Zacharie, Dr. Alcee Fortier, 
Mr. John M. Henshaw, Prof. Robt. E. Blouin, Prof. Geo. 
Williamson, Mr. Lucien Soniat, Mr. Daniel Heard, Mr. A. J. 
Prescott, Mr. Hugh McCloskey, Mr. Chas. S. Matthews, Mr. 
A. M. Underwood, Mr. N. M. Davidson, Prof. J. B. Aswell, 
Hon. Henry L. Gueydan, Mr. Robt. Glenk, Mr. Maurice Stern, 
Capt. H. C. Rogers, Hon. William Mehle, Hon. Robert Mar- 
tin, Mr. W. G. Coyle, Mr. W. C. Hart, Prof. W. R. Dodson. 
Mr. Geo. W. Wallon, Mr. Jos. A. Benoist, Mr. C. K. Lewis. 
Mr. Daniel Newsham, Mr. E. L. Stewart. Mr. A. J. Dclalunis- 
saye, Mr. S. B. Kenncdv, Mr. E. C. Blanchard. ludoo G. 



150 LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

A. Kilgore, Mr. T. O. Harris, Mr. C. G. Stish, Hon. William 
Polk, Mr. B.. P. Sullivan, Mr. J. C. Henriques, Mr. Charles 
Rosen, Mr. A. J. Madden, Mr. Charles W. Philips, 
Mr. D. H. Lyons, Mr. Dan Moriarity, Hon. Overton 
Cade, Hon. M. L. Swords, Hon. Jas. M. Smith, Mr. Robt. F. 
Morrisand, Mr. H. K. Powers, Mr. C. A. Sullivan, 
P. J. Chappin, Mr. E. L. Hewes, Mr. V. Mann, Hon. B. 
F. Broussard, Hon. Chas. F. Claiborne, Hon. George Soule. 
Hon. R. M. Snyder, Mr. Edward Peirson, Mr. T. J. Connell, 
Mr. M. O'Keefe, Mr. C. G. Peter, Mr. Charles Dane, Mi. 
Chas. C. Pipei', Mr. E. L. Weil, Mr. J. S. Ingram, Mr. Jas. 
Darce, Mr. E. W. Smith, Mr. N. J. Hughes, Mr. Jas. S. 
Alfred, Dr. Ashton Blanchard. 

The following members of Washington Artillery composed 
the escort: Col. John B. Richardson, commanding; Capt. Alli- 
son Owen, Capt. Maxine Landry, Capt. W. D. Gardner, Capt. 
Gus Leefe, Lieut. W. C. Richardson, Sergeant Sam'l Fit2- 
hugh, Sergeant Alex D. Selph, Sergeant J. Emmer, Jr., Ser- 
geant Albert P. Selph, Sergeant Daniel J. Kelly, Sergeant W. 
Seymour, Sergeant W. C. McCracken, Sergeant J. S. Rich- 
ardson ; Privates Howard Holmes, Geo. Weidig, Alex. Meir, 
Chas. Haas, James Masaletti, Chas. Turpin, J. H. Collins, 
W. A. Elliott, W. E. Beacon, J. H. Drefiferith, E. S. Smith, 
W. C. Brenford, W. H. Kelly, S. Littlejohn, D. D. Baker, 
J. H. Malley, Jos. Mann, Leslie Oliver, Albert Berendsohn, 
Bernard Berendsohn; Buglers Paul St. Philip, Jr., John 
Husey, John J. Kelly and J. F. Kane. 

The Garde de la Republicaine band of musicians, of the 
French Republic, furnished the music during the day and 
evening for the ceremonies and reception. This band num- 
bers eighty-six pieces. 

Governors Francis, Dockery of Missouri, Warfield of Mary- 
land, and Bates, of Massachusetts, assisted in celebrating Lou- 
isiana Day. 

The following from the Globe-Democrat, of St. Louis, tells 
briefly of Louisiana Day : 

The scenes of 100 years ago, by wdiich the territory of Lou- 



LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 15I 

isiana was ceded to the United States for a song, were re- 
produced yesterday at the World's Fair during the ceremonies 
of Louisiana Day, in the replica of the old Cabildo, where the 
original transfer was made. The largest audience that has 
ever witnessed a State celebration was present to see these 
unique and interesting formalities, which were faithfully per- 
formed by descendants of the men who actually acted for 
France and America a century ago. Thousands gathered in 
the reproduction of Jackson square, New Orleans, which 
occupies the space in front of the Louisiana building, while the 
sala capitular, or council room, the stairs of the building ancl 
the lower rooms were packed with an eager crowd. 

The hold on the people was intense, as not a person stirred 
throughout the long ceremonies, lasting from 12:30 until 2 
o'clock, although the audience was standing the entire time. 
Following the reading of the treaty, the old documents, the 
American flag was raised by little Pierre Chouteau, Jr., of St. 
Louis, and the famous Washington Artillery of New Orleans 
closed the historical event by firing the national salute of 
twenty-one guns in Forest Park. The weather yesterday was 
ideal for such an event, as a cool wind prevented the almost 
suffocating closeness that has characterized all State celebra- 
tions heretofore. 

The Picayune, of New Orleans, said: ''Officials of the Ex- 
position say that in completeness of the detail, as well as in 
uniqueness of conception, the ceremonies of Louisiana Day 
surpassed any celebration of any State thus far given." 

The correspondents of other papers were equally as \)\-o- 
nounced as to the success of the day as the above. 

Governor Blanchard gave out the following on his return 
to New Orleans : 

'The people of the State wanted Louisiana to have a great 
day at the Fair, and they got it. No State Day attracted the 
attention that our day did, and no such processi(Mi and display 
has been seen on the part of any other State as was the case 
with us on the 14th. 

'Tjovernor Francis, who, with others of the National Com- 
mission, rode with me at the head of the ])ara(le. declared that 
the Louisianians excelled all the other States in the splendor. r 
of their turnout. Mrs. Manning. President o\ the Hoard ot 
Lady Managers, an old friend of Mrs. l^lanchnrd. ami who 



152 LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

was with us a great deal in St. Louis, said the same thing t:^. 
me. Indeed, we could hear it on all sides that Louisiana had 
taken the lead in the State displays. The State was very much 
in evidence at the Fair, and I feel sure a good impression has 
been made; one that has brought the State to the favorable no- 
tice of all the foreigners, as well as countrymen. 

''I visited and personally inspected the fifteen Louisiana ex- 
hibits to be found in ten of the great exhibit palaces at the 
Lair, and most creditable exhibits they are. They demonstrate 
the great resources and productions of tiie State and shoAv 
Louisiana to be one of the l^est and most promising of the 
A merican commonwealths. 

''The Louisiana Commission at the Fair and State Com- 
missioner Stubbs have \^ell and wisely discharged the respons- 
ible duties committed to their care. 

''The exhibits from our State will, at the close of the Fair, 
be brought back to Louisiana and placed in a permanent 
museum in the city of Xew Orleans. 

'T desire," concluded the Governor, "to express my great 
gratification at the assistance rendered me by my military- 
staff in making I>ouisiana Day at the Fair what it should have 
been. It was heard on all sides that no Governor of any State 
had brought to the Fair a staff equal to ours. I am sure no 
Governor was ever surrounded by a finer body of gentlemen 
than those composing my staff'.'' 

It was the consensus of opinion that, so far as tiie trip to 
and from St. Louis, as well as the stay in St. Louis, was con- 
cerned, all was as enjo^-able as could have been desired. 

.Since writing the above, two of the prominent actors in the 
ceremonies of Louisiana Day have passed away, viz.. Col. John 
B. Richardson, who commanded the historic battalion of 
Washington Artillery, and who was always forward in every- 
thing that benefitted his city and State, and Col. Jas. S. Zacli- 
arie, member of the City Council of Xew Orleans. 

Col. Zacharie assisted in every way in making Louisiana 
Day a success. His counsels and his active assistance were 
most valuable to the Commission, and the latter desires to re- 
cord its high appreciation of the services of both of these gen- 
tlemen and place wreaths of immortelles upon their newly - 
made graves. 



LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 1 53 



Prizes Awarded to Louisiana. 

Grand Prizes (Highest Possible Award.) 

State of Louisiana, Topographic map of agricultural divi- 
sions of Louisiana. 

State of Louisiana, Rice, models and collective agricultural 
display. 

State of Louisiana, Working model of cane sugar factory. 

State of Louisiana, Composite cotton exhibit. 

State of Louisiana, Wax models of vegetables grown in 
Louisiana. 

American Sugar Refining Company, New Orleans, Refined 
sugars. 

E. R. Beauvais, Perique tobacco. 

G. W. Dunbar's vSons, Cane and fruit syrups and cordials. 

Louisiana Distillery Compan}\ Ltd., Sweet Clover and Rye 
Malt gin.. 

D. Moriarty, Patent tubular vases for gardens and lawns. 

G. W. Schlichten, Ramie floss and fiber. 

J. Steckler Seed Company, Ltd., Southern grass and field 
seeds. 

Dr. W. C. Stubbs, as Special Agent V. S., Composite car.e. 
I:^eet and maple sugar exhibit. 

Sugar Experiment Station, Ninety varieties of sugar canes. 

Sugar Experiment Station, Collective exhibit of agricultural 
seeds. 

Gold MedaLs. 

State of Louisiana, l\ci)r()(hicti()n of cotton ])lant. 

State of Louisiana. Anthropology exhibit. 

State of Louisiana, C\)iiscr\atory exhibit. 

State of Louisiana, J lorticulture and pecan exhibit. 

State of Louisiana, F(M-estry exhibit. 

State of Louisiana, Mineral exhibit. 

State of Louisiana, C\i)rcss. ])ino and hard \\(mm1s. 




WILL A. FRERET. 
Architect of the Cabildo. 



LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 1 55 

State of Louisiana, Relief map of Mississippi river levee 
system. ' ^1H 

State of Louisiana, Relief map of city of New Orleans. 

State of Louisiana, Relief map of forest divisions of Louisi- 
ana. 

State University Experiment Station, Display of fruit and 
vegetables. 

State University Experiment Station, Sixty varieties sweet 
potatoes. 

State LTniversity Experiment Station, Hay and forage 
crops. 

North Louisiana Experiment Station, Varieties of wool. 

Sugar Experiment Station, Fiber crops. 

Sugar Experiment Station, Decorticated ramie fiber. 

Sugar Experiment Station, Sixty varieties of cotton. 

William Beer, Collection of old volumes relating to Louis- 
iana Purchase history. 

Alcee Fortier, History of Louisiana, 4 vols. 

Maryland Steel Company, Model of the U. S. Dry Dock 
at New Orleans. 

Union Sulphur Company, Crude sulphur. 

Myles Salt Company, Rock salt, salt statue. 

Myles Salt Company, Dairy and manufactured rock salt. 

Baldwin Locomotive Works, Model of sugar plaiitation lo- 
comotive. 

Deere Plow Company, Implements for rice culture, models. 

Wallace, Jaasted & Drewson, Sugar cane bagasee ])ai)er. 

Standard Guano & Chemical Manufacturing Company, I'er- 
tilizers and chemicals. 

Buckeye L"on and Brass Works, Model cotton oil mill. 

National Rice Milling Company. Cleaned rice, rice by-pro 
ducts. 

Seaboard Refining Company, Refined cotton seed oils. 

Capt. j. M. W'hitc. ,\gricn1tural products. 

J. LI. Murphy iron Works, Sugar lunise a])i)arnt us. 

Boland cK' dscliwind Cc inpany, Ltd., Model rice mill. 



156 LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

Whitney Iron Works, Model of six-roller cane ni'll, Mar- 
shall crystallizer. 

S. S. Hepworth Company, Electrical sugar centrifugals. 

B, F. Avery & Sons, Models sugar agricultural implements. 

E. J. Gay Planting & Manufacturing Company, St. Louis 
Plantation, Plantation sugars. 

E. J. Gay Planting & Manufacturing Company, St. Lou.is 
Plantation, Centrifugal molasses. 

New Orleans Sugar Exchange, Commercial o-rades planta- 
tion sugars. 

New Orleans Sugar Exchange, Commercial grades of mo- 
lasses. 

Alex. Mouton, Sugar cane syrup. 

New Orleans Coffee Company, Belle Rose open kettle mo- 
lasses. 

Dr. C. A. Browne, Jr., Fi]>er and paper pulp from cane ba- 
gasse. 

A. N. Lockett & Co., Working model of rice irrigation 
plant. 

Barataria Canning Company, Canned goods. 

G. W. Dunbar's Sons, Canned shrimp and okra. 

E. Mcllhenny's Son, Tabasco pepper and tabasco sauce. 

L. E. Jung, Columbo Bitters, Peychaud Bitters, Peychavid 
Cocktails. 

Col. F. L. Maxwell, Bender cotton. 

J. A. Prudhomme, Lint cotton. 

Geo. E. Mann, Broom straw. 

New Orleans Horticultural Society, Conser\atory p.la;its. 

S. H. James, Exhibit of pecans. 

D. Newsham, Conservatory plants. 
Ursulines Convent, Educational exhibit. 

Silver Medals. 

E. L. Gladney, mahogany leaf tobacco. 

Minden Scale Company, automatic weighing machine. 
E. D. Williams, watermelons. 



LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 1 57 

Board of Education of City of New Orleans, city school 
exhibit. 

State of Louisiana, exhibit of parish schools. 

Prof. G. Williamson, collection of Louisiana Indian relic:,. 

Audubon Park Association, palms. 

C. Eble, conservatory plants. 

Abele Bros., conservatory plants. 

E. Valdejo, conservatory plants. 

J. Steckler Seed Company, conservatory plants. 
U. J. Virgin, conservatory plants. 
Ouinette Bros., fruit trees. 

A. Commander, orange trees. 

Mrs. F. Bryant, conservatory plants. 
Mrs. A. Kouns, conservatory plants. 
J. Karcher, conservatory plants. 

B. M. Wicher, conservatory plants. 
Avery Salt Mining Company, rock salt. 
Tulane University, exhibit in education. 

H. Sophie Newcomb Memorial College for Women, pottery 
and art exhibit. 

McDonogh High School, exhibit in education. 
W. P. Richardson, pine distillation products. 
William Beer, historical maps of Louisiana. 

F. F. Hansell & Bro., books by Louisiana authors. 
Shreveport Saddlery Company, carved saddles. 
Slate of Louisiana, geological relief map. 

]. Steckler Seed Company, pecan exhibit. 
Mrs. ]. Pugh, pecans. 
L. T. Sanders, fresh fruit exhibit. 
Morth Louisiana Experiment Station, fruits. 
State Experiment Station, fruits. 
vSugar Experiment Station, orange trees. 
State of Louisiana, Composite exhibit of Mississippi Rue. 
transportation. 

F. J. Brugiere, Skiff model. 

J. P. Culotta, Models of yachts. 

New Orleans Board of Trade, Ship nuulol. 



158 LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

vSoiilhern Pacific Steamship Company, models of "Conius'* 
and 'Trotens." 

Harrison Steamship Line, Ship models. 

Leyland Line, Ship models. 

Scandinavian-American Line, Ship model. 

United Fruit Company, Ship model. 

Mexican-American Steamship Company, Ship model. 

Abita Spring Water Company, Carbonated Abita Water. 

Atlas Feed Company, Molasses feeds. 

Bringhurst & Son, Sugar cane syrup. 

Caddo Fertilizer & Oil Co., Cold pressed cotton oil, de- 
linted seed. 

Columbia Rice Milling Company, Prairie Queen brand of 
rice, in packages. 

D. C. Danove, Maunsel Wliite pepper sauce. 

G. W. Dunbar's Sons, Gumbo File. 

W. L. Foster, Alfalfa hay. 

J. M. Frankenbush, Lint cotton. 

Louisiana Distiller}- Company, Alcohols and whiskey. 

Louisiana ' State University Experiment Station, Grasses 
and forage crops. 

Louisiana State University Experiment Station, Varieties 
of corn. 

Louisiana State University Experiment Station, Red rust 
proof oats. 

Louisiana State University Experiment Station, Varieties 
broom corn. 

Louisiana State University Experiment Station, Cigar leaf 
tobacco. 

T. W. McFarland. Cotton waste fiber and paper puln. 

W. R. Perrin & Co., Models of filter presses for sugar 
houses. 

Pratt & Company, Rice oil and extracted rice meal. 

Ruger's Vinegar Works, Eighty-grain vinegar from mo- 
lasses. 

Mrs. Charles Schuler, Griffin upland cotton. 

Smith Bros. Company, Ltd., Uwanta canned goods. 



LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 159 

State of Louisiana, Exhibit of refined cotton oils, meal and 
cake. 

State of Louisiana, Exhibit of Hnters. 

J. J. Stewart, Middling cotton. 

Stirling Boiler Company, Models of Stirling boilers for 
sugar houses. 

Sugar Experiment Station, Collective exhibit of molasses 
stock feeds. 

Sugar Experiment Station, Collective exhibit of foraffc 
crops. 

Sugar Experiment Station, Sixty varieties of field corn. 

Sugar Experiment Station, Sugar laboratory, rare sugars, 
sugar fertilizers. 

Wibray Thompson, Large grain confectioners' sugar. 

Bernard Trappey, Mexican pepper pulp. 

Vermont Chemical Company, Giant baking pov^^der. 

D. L. Williams, Alfalfa. 

Bronze Medals. 

J. E. Adger, cotton. 

L. C. Arny, bottled carbonated beverages. 

M. K. Barq, orangine beverage. i 

North Louisiana Experiment Station, bright leaf tobacco. 

Sugar Experiment Station, varieties of clover.. 

Bodley Manufacturing Company, hoist transfer and cai e 
carrier feeder. 

Willis D. Coudron, mammoth white peanuts. 

P. Irion, weevil proof corn. 

Jaeger & DePass, clear and stick candies. 

A. V. Mevers, sheaf rice var. Carolina. 

Minden Oil and Ice Company, crude cotton oil and cotton- 
seed meal. 

Monitor Drill Company, model of double disc rice drill. 

Papoose Root IJeer Comi)an\', papO(\se root beer extract. 

Planters' ('ompress Com])any. Low ry system ot" cotton 
baling. 

Alice S. Richey, fig preserves. 



l6o LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

Smith Bros. & Co., Ltd., Cobana coffee. 

J. Steckler Seed Company, gardners and nurserymen"s 
tools. 

J. Steckler Seed Company, flower seeds. 

Sugar Experiment Station, long staple cotton gin. 

W. W. Siitclifife, automatic hydraulic pressure regulator for 
cane mills. 

Ivy Watson, Spanish ])eanuts and i^eanut vine hay. 

Capt. J. M. White, raw wool. 

Vermont Chemical Company, laundry soluble starch. 

St. Alphonsus School, educational exhibit. 

College of the Immaculate Conception, educational exhibit. 

Soule College, educational exhibit. 

Academy of the Sacred Heart, educational exhibit. 

Sophie Newcomb Memorial College for Women, educa- 
tional exhibit. 

Hersey Granulator Company, sugar drying and granulating 
apparatus. 

J. St. Mard, conservatory plants. 

J. Eblen, conservatory plants. 

W. Rehm, conservatory plants. 

Brooklyn Cooperage Company, cypress barrels. 

Whited & Wheeless, white pine lumber and moldings. 

Crescent City Moss Ginnery, prepared Spanish moss. 

Louis Kohlman, prepared Spanish moss. 

Caroline Miller, model hydraulic surgical lifter. 

Royal Plaiter Company, box, knife and accordian plaiters. 

Mrs. T. Ogilvie, fancy hand-made silk collar. 

Mrs. E. M. Coates. handkerchief symbolic of history of 
Louisiana. 

Whitney, Sloo & Co., hand carved saddle. 

A. K. Clingman, fruits. 

J. Fields, apples. 

D. Galbreath, pecans. 

J. J. Kieth, fruits. 

W. Nelson, pecans. 

J. Seeger, oranges. 



LOUISIANA AT THE IJUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. l6l 

B. M. Young, pecans. 

J. McMullen, McMullen apples. 

In addition to these awards the following Louisianians re- 
ceived awards from the Exposition : 

Franco Louisiana Society, grand prize for historical collec- 
tion. 

Gaspard Cusachs, gold medal for historical collection. 



1 62 LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 



Disposition of Exhibits at Close of Fair. 

Early in the summer the Commission addressed a letter to 
Governor Blandiard advising- in strong terms that tlie exhibits 
now in St. Louis, which had cost so much time, labor and 
money to collect, should be kept together after the Exposition 
and displayed in a State ]\luseum. This letter was transmitted 
to the legislature, which passed at once the following Act. 
Xo. 125 ; 

By I\Ir. \A'inter : 

HOUSE CONCURRENT RESOLUTION. 

AA'iiEREAS. Act Xo. 81 of 1902. creating a Board of Con - 
missioners of Louisiana Purchase Exposition and providing 
for an exhibit of Louisiana's resources at the St. Loujs Fair, 
further provides that said exhibit may be preserved after the 
close of the Fair, as an educational feature and means of ad- 
vertising Louisiana's great resources and development, and. 

Whereas, the State Commission for Louisiana in a com- 
munication addressed to the Governor and by him transmitted 
to both houses of the General Assembly, has advised the pres- 
ervation of said exhibit as being in the best interests of the 
State, be it 

Resolved, by the House of Representatives, the Senate con- 
curring. That the Governor is given authority to arrange to 
have said exhibit returned to the State of Louisiana after the 
close of the St. Louis Fair and to make such disposition of it 
as indicated in said Act 81 of 1902. as may to him and the 
Board of Commissioners of the Louisiana Purchase Exposi- 
tion seem to tiie best interests of the State: and be it further 

Resohed, That the cost of the return of said exhibit to the 
State of Louisiana shall not exceed twenty-five hundred dol- 
lars (82 5 00). 

At a meeting of the Board on Sept. 16. 1904. in the Cabildo 
at St. Louis, it was resolved to preserve the exhibits for the 
establishment of a permanent irAiseum. and that title of said 
exhibits remains with tiie State of Louisiana, and that they 
be loaned to the X^ew Orleans Progressive Cnion and kept 
in a permanent place, provided the space and funds be found 



LOUISIANA AT THF LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 1 63 

and that a suitable curator be selected, etc., all to be under the 
direction and supervision of the Board of Agriculture and 
Immigration. 

At a meeting of the Board held in the city of Baton Rouee 
Dec. 6, 1904, a letter was read from Mr. H. M. Mayo, sec- 
retary New Orleans Progressive Union, stating that the board 
of directors of that organization at its last meeting had (de- 
cided that they would be unable to take care of the Louisia'^a 
exhibit. On motion, the action of the Board of Commissioner.- 
at its last meeting w^as rescinded. At this meeting in Baton 
Rouge there were two claimants of the Louisiana exhibit- - 
one the Louisiana State University, and the Board of Curators 
of the State Museum of New Orleans. After a thorough and 
lengthy discussion of the merits of each, participated in by 
President Thos. D. Boyd, Lion. H. L. Fuqua, Hon. J. AT. 
Smith and Hon. J. B. Aswell, representing the Louisiana 
State LTniversity, and Col. Jas. S. Zachary, Mr. T. P. Thomi)- 
son and Hon Paul Capdevielle for the State Museum in Mew 
Orleans, the following was adopted : That a committee, con- 
sisting of the State Commissioner and General Levert, are 
hereby authorized to rent a suitable building in the city of 
New Orleans for such a period of time as they may deem 
best, not to go beyond August i, 1906, and to deposit and dis- 
play therein under care of an official of the Commission the 
Louisiana exhibits now at St Louis, and that any donations or 
additions to tliis exhibit will be gladly received, and the as- 
sistant to the State Commissioner is hereb}- authorized to 
receive and care for same. 

General Levert and Commissioner Stul)1xs. under this reso- 
lution, rented the lower floor on the Carondelet side of tie 
Washington Artillery Hall for a period beginning Dec. 1 s. 
T904, and ending Aug. i, 1906, and at (^nce prei)arations were 
made to ship the exhibits directly from vSt. Louis \o this hall 
and have tliem installed as tlie State Museum. 

y\t the close of the Exposition Mr. (ilenk remained in Si. 
Louis to pack u]) and ship the exhibits. This enormous woik 
was ])erf()rmed under the most tr}ing con(btions. After sire 1- 



164 LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

nous efforts he succeeded in packing and shipping them all 
with very trifling losses or damages. As fast as received in 
New Orleans the exhibits were deposited in the Washington 
Artillerv Hall. 



Sale of Cabildo, 



At the close of the Exposition, under instructions from tli2 
Board, the State Commissioner advertised for sale the Ca- 
bildo Building on the Exposition grounds. Several bids were 
received, but the highest and best was proffered by Mr. D. B. 
Dyer, of Augusta, Ga. His proffer was $750 for the building 
and a few articles therein owned by the Commission, and was 
considered, in comparison with prices other State buildings 
were selling for, quite a good price. Therefore, early in De- 
cember the building, with our contract with the Exposition au 
thorities to remove the building, level the earth and restore the 
grass, was turned over to Mr. Dyer, who, I think, carried out 
our contract faithfullv. 



Removal of Exhibits. 



Owing to the rush incident to the removal of sudi a vast 
amount of inaterial as was collected on the grounds of the 
Exposition and the shortness of cars, the confusion amon^ 
railroads, strikes and congestion of the General Service Com- 
pany, the very cold weather and the absence of fires, and the 
distribution of the exhibits in so many buildings, the return 
of our exhibits .was exasperatingly delayed. The experience 
and tact of Mr. Glenk served him well in this dilemma, and 
he succeeded in getting the last of the exhibits off early in 
Februarv. 



LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 165 



Installation of Exhibits at Washington 
Artillery Hall, New Orleans. 

After receiving- the exhibits in New Orleans, the work of 
bringing them together under appropriate collections in one 
building and clearing and installing ready for display, was 
quite tedious and laborious. The work was finally accom- 
plished and the Museum w^as thrown open to the public with 
appropriate ceremonies on May 3, 1905. A large crowd w^as 
in attendance. Col. Charles Schuler and Governor Blanchard 
spoke for the Commission, Mayor Behrman for the city, C(^l. 
Jas. S. Zacharie for the Board of Curators, Col. M. J. Sanders 
for the Progressive Union, and Col. Geo. Soule for education. 
Refreshments were served in the anteroom. The Board of 
Commissioners held a regular meeting in the forenoon anc 
received and acted upon the report of Commissioner Stubbs. 
Dr. Stubbs presented also his resignation as State Commis- 
sioner, believing that the necessity for his services has passed, 
and recommended his assistant, Mr. Robert Glenk, as perma- 
nent curator. The Board declined to accept the resignation 
of Dr. Stubbs. whereupon Dr. Stubbs stated that he would bo 
willing to continue as State Commissioner, but under no cir- 
cumstances would he agree to accept a salary for same. It 
was therefore ordered that after May 15, 1905, he be continued 
as State Commissioner Avithout salary. The following resolu- 
tions were unanimously passed and placed upon the minutes 
of the Board, prepared by Henry L. Gueydan, General John 
B. Levert and Col. Chas. Schuler, a committee appointed by 
the Board : 

''Dr. William Carter Stubbs having presented his resigna- 
tion as State Commissioner to the St. Douis Exposition, after 
the completion o fhis labors, it is now in order for this B(\ird 
to pass on his work in this connection. 

''He was appointed by the Px^ard about two years ago as 
the person most fit to bring out and present properly t(^ tlio 
world, at St. Pouis, the vast resources (^f T>ouisiana. (nvino- ( - 



l66 LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

the fact that lie more than any other man was cognizant of 
our State's varied products and possibihties, owing- to his mosc 
valuable technical knowledge of agriculture, horticulture, min- 
eralogy and forestry; owing to his wide acquaintance with 
the prominent men of the State, and owing to his untiring 
efforts to bring out forcibly the wonderful natural resources 
of our soil and waters. 

''This Board now congratulates itself and the State on their 
selection of Dr. vStubbs as executive commissioner for Lou- 
isiana at St. Louis. No sooner appointed, he went to work 
energetically on gathering the varied resources of the State 
from all sections, and had installed in time a magnificent dis- 
play at the World's Fair — a display that compelled the ad- 
miration of the w^orld. Louisiana Day at the Exposition was 
planned by him and he directed the execution of all its inter- 
esting details. The Exposition authorities pronounced this 
the most successful of all celebrations at the World's Fair. 
We now find the splendid exhibits of the State gathered under 
one roof at AA^asiiington Artillery Hall, still to serve the State 
in being the means of bringing within her bounds desirable 
immigration- and investments, and in awakening a natural 
pride in the breasts of her children. 

"Dr. Stubbs now generously consents to give further time 
and energ}' to this noble undertaking without charge to the 
State. LIow can we thank such a man? How praise him? 
His work well done is his recompense, as well as the knowledge 
that the State of Louisiana, through its Commission, fully 
appreciates the noble effort and grand results accomplished. 

"This Board wishes to go on record as fully approving- alsc> 
the indefatigable and intelligent work done by Robert Glenk. 
the assistant State Commissioner, in gathering, installing and 
presenting attractively Louisiana's marvelous resources. Di. 
Stubbs has been happy in his selection of assistants in the sev- 
eral subdivisions of the exhibits. 

"The press of Louisiana, and especially the big dailies of. 
New Orleans, are thanked for the A'ery valuable services they 
have rendered the State in giving publicity to everything con- 
cerning Louisiana's exhibit at St. Louis and 'its installation 
in its present quarters in Washington Artillery Hall. 

"'A\> now ask all commercial bodies of the State, all railroad 
companies entering her boundaries, and every Louisianian to 
advertise the exhibit to the fullest extent.'' 



LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 1 67 

Ceremonies on Opening Day. 

The following, taken from one of our dailies, gives the full- 
est account obtainable : 

The Louisiana exhibit was opened at the State Museum yes- 
terday, Governor Blanchard, Colonel Schuler, Mayor Behr- 
man, James B. Zacharie, Colonel Soule, M. J. Sanders and 
others delivering short talks in the main hall of Washington 
Artillery. 

The exhibit is very complete and representative of all the 
products and industries of the State, and persons familiar with 
what was exhibited at St. Louis say that the exhibit here much 
excels that at the Exposition, because the Louisiana show is 
all in one place, whereas at St. Louis it was scattered in ten 
different buildings, under the rules which made it necessary to 
have every class of exhibit placed in its appropriate building. 
The Carondelet street end of Washington Artillery Hall is 
packed with the exhibit. Dr. W. C. Stubbs presided. He in- 
troduced Colonel Charles Schuler, of DeSoto parish, who de- 
livered the preliminary address. He recounted the beginning 
of the plans for an exhibit in 1902 and the appropriation of 
$100,000 in Governor Heard's administration, creating of the 
unpaid Commission, with Dr. W. C. Stubbs as chairuTan and 
Robert Glenk assistant. He told how the exhibit was scat- 
tered at St. Louis, and proceeded to describe the exhibit ni 
some detail, telling of the exhibit of mines and minerals, salt, 
sulphur, oil and marble ; of liberal arts, including the levee 
and river models ; education under Prof. Brown Ayres, whi(:'a 
dispelled the belief held in some places that Louisiana is an 
illiterate State ; of the sugar laboratory, \»^ith all scientific im- 
plements ; river transportation exhibit ; forestry, as fine an 
exhibit as any at the Fair, and of which an English expert 
said that it was a tic between Louisiana and CaHfornia for 
first place. 

He also commented on the fish and game exhibit and tlio 
exhibit of birds, and said that the agricultural exliibii taughi 
liim things he did not know, although he had traveled all over 



l68 LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

the State in the interest of agricuhure. One could not help 
feeling- proud that he was a Louisiana farmer after seeing it- 
Some people did not know that Louisiana exhibited more 
plants than all tiie other States put together, and the bes: 
Pecan display was from this State. 

Colonel Schuler said there were a million acres that could be 
used in producing that splendid nut. the pecan. 

The Cabildo showed the historical features, and Louisiauci 
was better advertised through that building, and what was 
sent out and given out. than she ever had been before. The 
development that is going on just now is no doubt greatly dne 
to what people learned about the State through the Exposition. 

Colonel Schuler praised Prof. Stubbs. and said that the ex- 
hibit was brought to New Orleans because it could do the most 
good here for all Louisiana, and said it was up to the people 
to decide if they wanted it here permanently. 

Dr. Stubbs introduced Governor X. C. Blanchard. The 
Governor spoke of the greatness of the Exposition and the 
appropriation of the fund for the exhibit from this State, the 
gathering of the splendid display representing everything at 
present in the State and the future as well, and said that ever}' 
Louisianian who went to the Fair has long since decided that 
the State was not behind others. It would have been better 
if all had been in one building, but that was then impossible. 
The Assembly had left the care of the exhibit to the Commis- 
sion and they had brought it here until the next session should 
determine what disposition to make of it. It will, therefore, 
remain here a year. Whether it should remain longer or be 
partioned among different institutions, was to be determined 
by the Legislature. Anyone who goes through this magnifi- 
cent exhibit cannot fail to be proud of the State to which we 
belong. 

The Governor said that men looking for iiivestments a "e 
coming to New Orleans, and committees from the exchanges, 
especially from the Progressive Union, should be appointed 
to hunt them up and take them to the ^Museum. 



LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 1 69 

It is an object lesson. Here is an epitome of the State of 
Louisiana. We can point to all that the State produces — all it 
represents in the present and the magnificent promise for tti: 
future. 

Governor Blanchard delivered a very beautiful eulogy of the 
State, its products and beauties, giving in some details the 
array of great products, aiid at the conclusion said that the 
Museum would be open every day from 9 a. m. to 5 p. m., that 
the people might come and study the display. 

Then he referred to the resignation of Dr. Stubbs from the 
Commission, saying he was the man to whom the State owea 
most for what it did at St. Louis. Dr. Stubbs retires from 
the Service of the State as a commissioner. His salary and 
'com.pensation cease at his own request, but he has agreed to 
stay and have general charge of the exhibit without pay. s'j 
that Louisiana will not lose him entirely. Governor Blanch- 
ard said that a great part of the progress which the Sta'e 
was making to-day, and the influx of settlers and capitalists 
was due to what Dr. Stubbs has done — more to him than to 
anyone else. He has made two blades of grass grow where 
only one grew, and has blazed many of the pathways that -^^1 
to Louisiana's greatness of to-day. The Governor also spoke 
in praise of Mr. Glenk, who will remain in active charge of 
the exhibit. The Governor said that it was not for him t > 
suggest regarding the exhibit's permanent location here, as 
other points are competing. He said that Louisiana was just 
starting in its great development and the industrial onward 
march. It has 28,000,000 acres capable of cultivation, :»f 
which only 5,000,000 are being tilled. Al the present devel 
opment is from the 5,000,000, and the remainder awaits set- 
tlement. The State needs immigration to put it in the front 
rank of the States of America. We have the climate and the 
soil to do it. The people of Louisiana are no longer sUnv. 
The difference between the people of the N(M'th and Scnith no 
longer exists. They have ''got a move on,'' as the slang ex- 
pression is. In the future Louisiana will do her part to make 



170 LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

the nation the greatest in the world, not only in business, but 
intelligence, justice and the demand to do what is right 
Dr. Stubbs introduced Mayor Behrman, who said : 
\\^ith a full sense of the importance of the charge. New Oi-- 
leans feels and gives expression to great pride in being made 
the home of the State Museum. The enjoyable showing made 
by Louisiana in the recent World's Fair at St. Louis has justi- 
fied the steps which haA'e been taken to keep before the gaze, 
not only of visitors from all parts of the universe, but 
of our own people, these exhibits, these samples of the 
many great things our Commonwealth produces. Louisian- 
ians who visited the Fair last year had every reason to be 
justly proud of the splendor of the Louisiana exhibit as it ap- 
pealed to themselves, and the exhilaration infused by overhear- 
ing the flattering comments of visitors, whose previous knowl- 
edge of Louisiana and her wonderful resources and possibili- 
ties had not exceeded to any great extent what they had 
learned from their text books, was more than sufficient com- 
pensation for the long journey to the Fair. As a matter of 
fact, this ignorance of Louisiana's resources applied as well 
to many Louisianians as to strang'ers. There are mau}^ of 
us v\'ho must frankly acknowledge that we failed to appre- 
ciate fully what a great and wonderful commercial, agricul- 
tural and mineral storehouse our State is until we beheld that 
splendid collection which was exhibited at St. Louis. Hence 
it is that in this State Museum there will be at all times useful 
instruction for ourselves as well as information for prospect- 
ive settlers, presented in a most attractive and entertaining 
manner. In this place we will have always most useful illus- 
trations to describe in the most valuable way imaginable ah 
that has been and all that will be written of Louisiana and her 
wonderful resources. 

I feel that this great work since its very inception — I mean 
from the moment the great Louisiana exhibit was first in- 
stalled at the St. Louis Fair — should force upon us the recog 
nition of how greatly beholden we are to the patriotic men 
who labored so earnestlv to insure the success of such an im~ 



LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 17I 

portant and responsible undertaking, and pre-eminently among 
these great men has ever stood Dr. William C. Stubbs, whom 
we have the proud privilege and honor of having present with 
us on this platform to-day. His great life work has been de- 
voted to not only fostering and developing the great staples 
which have been known for generations past to be indigenous 
to Louisiana, but through his superior knowledge of the re- 
sourcefulness of our State"s fertile soil he has demonstrated 
that our fields can yield with equal, if not greater, profit cereals 
which up to a few years ago had been regarded as exotic, in 
so far as Louisiana was concerned. It was he who recognized 
the importance of preserving the great Louisiana exhibit as 
nearly intact as possible and of installing it in some public 
place like this as a sort of epitomized object lesson for home 
folk and visitors of what our great Commonwealth is capable 
of producing. 

It was he who first took the matter up with the Governor 
and the General Assembly of the State, with the result that 
w^e have the State Museum which we have assembled to for- 
mally open to-day and which must ever stand as a monument 
to his indefatigable energy in striving for the upbuilding and 
advancement of all the interests and industries of our Com- 
monwealth. 

James S. Zacharie delivered a very interesting address, go- 
ing into the history and science of museums, from early times 
to the present business and commercial form, which they have 
taken. He showed how the eye is taking the place of the ear, 
and peo])le want to see first hand, as in the visiting of exhibits 
of this kind, and the use of illustrations for articles. 

Such a museum is what Louisiana needs to educate the 
masses by object lessons — a kind of a great kindergarten in 
this practical age to stimulate the interest of the people to seek 
the development of their own resources. This is "the busi- 
ness proposition," as it is now called, placed before the peo- 
ple of Louisiana in the creation of the State Museum, which 
may be descril>cd as the dictionary of oni" resources. It will 



172 LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

show what we have accomplished, and points out the way to 
a greater future. 

M. J. Sanders, of the Progressive Union, developed a point 
made by Colonel Schuler, that New Orleans is only a part of 
the State, and showed how what helps the State helps New 
Orleans, and what hurts it will soon be felt here. He said 
that there was no doubt that the exhibit ought to be placed 
permanently in this city. It was too large for the Progressive 
Union to house, as it did the Buffalo exhibit. Everyone should 
see it. It must be where the greatest number of visitors can 
see it. The State is on the threshold of a great and glorious 
future. Heretofore neither the State nor the people were 
ready for it. Such a development is all useless unless the peo- 
ple believe in it and learn to live up to their opportunities. 
They are now ready for the onward move. 

Colonel George Soule spoke for education, giving a very 
strong statement of the benefits which are more and more 
recognized, and speaking highly of the educational exhibit 
which is included in the present display. That ended the meet- 
ing, and the committee, which .was headed by T. P. Thomp- 
son, showed the visitors over the exhibit. 



Since the opening of this Museum to the public, over sixty 
thousand people have visited it. It has served both purposes 
as an advertisement of our State's resources and as an edu- 
cational feature to our citizens, including our public schools. 

Thousands of visitors from all over the United States and 
every country on the globe have inspected the exhibits, re- 
ceived additional information from the literature there distrib- 
uted or from a personal interview with the curator. It is and 
has been a splendid advertisement of the State's wonderful re- 
sources. It has been also an educational factor of high merit 
to pupils, scholars and students. There is scarcely a public 
school in the cit}^ that has not brought its pupils here to inspect 
the displays, and quite frequently bevies of girls and boys can 



LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 1 73 

be found carefull}^ and critically examining some of the exhib- 
its in connection with their schoolwork. 

Mr. Robert Glenk has added largely to the collection and 
renewed with better and fresher specimens the exhibits of 
products which easily deteriorate. 

This museum will be permanently located by the next legis- 
lature, and it is the hope of the Commission and all thoughtful, 
patriotic citizens that it may forever remain in the Crescent 
City, as an epitome of the resources of the State, and as an edu- 
cational text book for our rising generation, from which they 
can learn the agriculture, the horticulture, the natural history, 
the physical geography and hydrography of our great State, 
as well as an elementary treatise upon the mechanics of the 
sugar, rice and cotton industries and upon the great levee 
system of Louisiana. Neither the State nor the city can af- 
ford to lose the benefit from this valuable collection. 



174 LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION, 



Correspondence. 

The following letters have been received. The proffer of 
the symbolic statue of the State of Louisiana, heroic in pro- 
portions, and which occupied the first niche in the Colonnade 
of States, v>'as acknowledged. After manv efforts to secure P: 
suitable location for this statue and provide for its removal, 
installation and maintenance, without success, it was declined 
with thanks. This statue was designed by a special committee 
appointed by Governor Heard, consisting of Prof. Aldee 
Fortier, Miss Grace King, Prof. W. Woodward, Major J. "G. 
Lee and Dr. A\\ C. Stubbs. The following is the design 
adopted : ''A woman representing the Louisiana type, medium 
sized, athletic, but nervous rather than muscular; the poise 
representing independence and aspiration and impulsive youth- 
fulness — a resilient type. Light classic drapery suggestive of 
free action. The figure should be symbolic of the motto of 
Louisiana, 'A^on sibi sed suis/ with an open hand to express 
generosity and self-sacrifice and with a sword to express 
readiness to defend ideals. A subsidiary subject on the ped- 
estal representing the Mississippi River with fleur de lis and 
magnolias in the symbol, and the dates 1699, 1768 and T803." 

Mr. Rudolph Schwartz, of Lidianaapolis, Ind., was the 
artist of this statue and followed the design given. 

It was greatly to be regretted that no arrangements could 
be made to accept and preserve this statue in our city or 
State. 

Saint Louis, December 12, 1904. 
His Excellency, tJie Governor of Louisiana, Baton Rouge, 
Louisiana: 
Dear Sir — As you are doubtless informed, a symbolic 
statue of the State of Louisiana, heroic in proportions, occu- 
pied a niche in the Colonnade of States. There are fourteen 
of these statues standing for the fourteen States and Territo- 
ries of the Louisiana Purchase. I am authorized by the Ex- 
position management to tender to the State of Louisiana the 



LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 



/.:> 



statue representing it, without cost, if the State will take it 
from the grounds and agree to preserve it in its present form 
as long as practicable. These statues of States were the work 
of some of the best sculptors in this country. They have been 
much admired. Each is typical of the State it represents. 
It is the hope of the Exposition management that when thesi 
statues can be preserved no longer in the present temporary 
form, they shall be put in bronze or stone. I need hardly 
suggest to you that the artistic and symbolic character of the 
statuary fully merits such action by the respective States. Will 
you kindly indicate to the Exposition management at your 
earliest convenience the desire of your State. If you accept 
the statue, steps should be taken at once to remove it. Verv 
Irulv vours, David R. Francis, President. 



In response to the letter below the Commission took great 
pleasure in supplying Governor Erancis with a large photo- 
graph of the Cabildo Twith the autographs of Governor 
Blanchard and the rest of the Commission) neatly framed, 
and an antique mahogany table which adorned the sala capit 
ular of the Cabildo during the Exposition. It further fur- 
nished Mrs. Francis with the old stone filter and receiver 
formerly used for filtering the drinking water of Xew Or- 
leans and exhibited in the courtyard of the Cabildo during 
the Exposition. It also furnished Governor Francis and the 
Missouri Historical Society with copies of the Proces Verbal 
of the transfer ceremonies of Louisiana Day. 

There is also a letter from Gov. D. R. Francis, President Lou- 
isiana Purchase Exposition. 

St. Louis, Deceml)er 13, 1904. 
My Dear Governor Blanchard: 

I will be much pleased to have a photograph of your State 
Building to preserve in an historical collection of the l^xjios'- 
tion which I am attempting to procure. 1 lease i)ut your aa- 
tograph on the j^hotograph and ask the other members o\ the 
Commission to do likewise if they can 1)e conveniently reached. 

If there is any old i)iece of furnitin-e in \-our 1)uilding which 
is not of sufficient value to justify its transj)ortatiiMi l)ack to. 
your vState, I will appreciate it as a souven.ir of your boantiful 



I/b LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

Structure on these grounds as well as of the pleasant relations 
which have always prevailed between us. 

^^'ith assurances of esteem, I have the honor to be, very 
truly yours. D. R. Francis, President. 

Honorable Xewton C. Blanchard, President Louisiana State- 
Commission. Baton Rouge, La. 



Saint Louis, February i, 1905. 
My Dear Doctor Stubbs: 

The table has arrived by express and is very highly appre- 
ciated. It is very kind of you to have taken so much interest 
in my request. The table will be a treasure which I shall 
always preserve as a memento of the many pleasant associa- 
tions which it will represent and recall. Please convey, in 
sincerest terms, my thanks to Governor Blanchard and to the 
members of the Louisiana Commission, to all of whom, m 
conjunction with yourself, the Exposition management feels 
so much indebted for never-failing co-operation and assist- 
ance in producing and operating the Universal Exposition of 
1901. 

Believe me. very truly yours. 

D. R. Francis, President. 
Dr. \\\ C. Stubbs. State Commissioner for Louisiana. Xew 
Orleans, La. 



St. Louis, December 16, 1904. 

Dr. JJ^illiani C. Stubbs, State Commissioner for Louisiano, 
New Orleans: 

]My Dear Dr. Stubbs — I am olad that vou corrected the 
mistake I had made about the gift of the Proces Verbal,- for 
we certainly want to thank the right persons for this valua- 
ble and interesting historical relic. 

Will you not convey to the State Commission our appre- 
ciation of the kind interest shown. Especially to you do we 
owe much. 

You may be interested to know that the document i^^ novv 
framed under glass, and occupies a prominent place in our 
kcture room. Very truly yours, 

JVL^ry Louise Dalton, Librarian. 



LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. I77 

St. Louis, U. S. A., January 30, 1905. 
Dr. W. C. Stuhhs, State Commissioner, Louisiana World's 
Fair Commission, Nezo Orleans, Louisiana: 

Dear Sir — The time for permanently closing up the De- 
partment of Agriculture of the great St. Louis Universal Ex- 
position having almost come, I should feel it a duty, as I deem 
it a pleasure, to express to yourself personally and through 
you to your Commission, the hearty appreciation I have for 
the thoroughly satisfactory and helpful way in which you have 
supported this Department and in no small way assisted hi 
bringing about the results which should, I believe, be emi- 
nently satisfactory to all of us. No one appreciates more than 
myself the utter impossibility of any satisfactory results bemg 
attained by this Department without the generous support of 
those Staces which have labored so earnestly and so success- 
fully in doing their respective parts. 

1 trust that it may be my pleasure to meet you and ycmr 
associates often in the future, and I desire that you take with 
you my very best wishes for your success in whatever you ma}- 
in the future undertake. 

With cordial thanks and good wishes, I am, very sinccreh' 
^ours, F. W. Taylor, 

Chief, Department of Agriculture. 




jud(^jH>:mile rost. 

Member Board of Commissioners, 
Resisrned April, 1004. 



1/8 LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 



Financial Statement. 

The following is a statement of all receipts and disburse- 
ments : 

THE BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS IN ACCOUNT WITH STATE AP- 
PROPRIATION. 

1903. Expenditures from Jan. 8 to June i. as per 
vouchers returned to Gov. Heard and by him 
approved and deposited in Auditor's office 
under following heads : 

Traveling expenses in collecting exhibits. . . $460 65 
^laterials purchased and cash on contracts.. 1,196 01 

Stationery, stamps, typewriter, etc 256 85 

Salaries of employees 2.062 32 

Expenses Dedication Day, April 30. 1903.. 2,068 83 
Advertising for bids on Cabildo 58 70 



S6.103 3-^ 



Jan. 8. By cash State Treasurer S5.000 00 

April 25. By cash State Treasurer. . . . 2.000 00 



$7,000 00 

June I. To balance June i. 1903 896 62 

$7. 000 00 

1903. Expenditures from June i to Oct. 10. as 
per vouchers returned to Gov. Heard and by 
him approved and deposited in Auditor's of- 
fice, under following^ heads : 

Paid on building Cabildo Si 2.570 00 

Purchase of m.aterial. and work done --776 67 

Salaries 1-963 32 

Expenses in collecting exhibit 549 64 

Rent of warehouse .• . . 5 15 00 

Stationery, stamps, printing, etc 130 65 

Freigiit paid . . . ; 9 99 

$17015 2/ 



June I . By balance $896 62 

June I. By cash State Treasurer 5,000 00 

Sept. 14. By cash sent W. O. and C. 

G. Burton, State Treas- * 

urer i Ij95o 00 

$17,846 62 
To balance Oct, 10, 1903 331 33 

$17,846 61 

1903. Expenditures from Oct. 10, 1903, to March 
7, 1904, as per vouchers returned to Gov. 
Heard and by him approved and deposited 
in Auditor's office, under following heads : 

Freight on exhibits to St. Louis ^733 68 

Expenses in St. Louis, "installation" 290 OJ 

Traveling expenses 87 72 

Cash on building ''Csbildo" iiji93 65 

Collecting exhibits, materials, etc 5J92 3f 

Salaries 3,053 3 ■ 

Insurance on rent of building 2 10 

$20,552 77 

Oct. 10. By balance $33 1 35 

Oct. 10. By cash State Treasurer. . . . 10,000 00 

Nov. 3. By cash State Treasurer 5>500 00 

Nov. 30. By cash E. B. Kruttschnitt. 25 00 

Dec. 15. By cash State Treasurer. . . . 5,000 00 

$20,856 35 
March 7, 1904. To balance March 7, 1904 303 58 

$20,856 3, 

1904. Expenditures from March 7, 1904, to April 
22, 1904, as per vouchers returned to Gov. 
Heard and by him approved and deposited in 
Auditor's office, under following heads : 

Expenses collecting exhibits, materials, etc.. $i,<)33 4^» 

Expenses installing cxhil)its in Si. Lonis 3.00/ 3S 

Freight on exhibits i ,og6 9 |. 

Cash balance on building i.ooo 00 

Salaries 683 30 

Stationery, etc 47 i^ 



l8o LOUISLA.XA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

May 7. By balance -303 58 

May 7. By cash State Treasurer 10.000 00 

By cash Jno. [Nlayer 69 12 

By cash Woodward \\'ight 

& Co 185 00 

By cash Manion & Co 3 85 

By cash P. R. Livsudais 65 00 



S10.626 55 
To balance April 22, 3904 1,868 35 



S10626 53 



1904. Expenditures from April 22nd to September 17th, 1904, 
as per vouchers, examined and approved by Col. Cha^. 
Schuler and Gen'l J. B. Levert. a special committee ap- 
pointed to examine and report on accounts of the State 
Commissioner : 

Printing of Handbo'oks. etc -3*^-3 7^ 

Expenses Gov. Blanchard and Staff and ac- 

compan}-ing MiHtar)- 4.500 00 

Expenses Col. T. D. Boyd and University- 
Cadets to Exposition 5.000 00 

Buttons. Badges, etc ^9- 7^ 

Gas Bills ^SS 83 

Expenses of Commission 2-;-2 6S 

Music 48 90 

Paid Railroads for Freigiit 453 04 

Wages Paid to Labc rers 633 83 

Stationery, Stamps, Printing. &c 206 S^ 

Salaries 515790 

Expenses on Grounds 414 10 

Maintenance of Cabildo 337 ^2 

Electric Lights. Water, etc 204 ^j 

Collecting Exhibits in Xew Orleans 1.056 17 

Installing Exhibits in St. Louis 5-192 92 

Expenses Travelicg 48 00 

S27.o;^ -L- 



LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. l8l 
RECEIPTS. 

1904. Balance April 22nd . $ 1..868 35 

April 22nd. By cash, State Treasurer 15,000 00 

A4ay 11. By cash, State Treasurer. . . 10,000 00 
July 28th. By cash refunded bv Col. 

Boyd ' 781 85 

Aug. 30th. By cash. State Treasurer 10,000 00 

$37,650 20 
To Balance September 17th, 1904 $10,615 y2> 

$37,650 20 

(copy.) 
We, a committee appointed by Louisiana State Board of 
Commissioners, have examined the books and vouchers of 
Wiliam C. Stubbs, State Commissioner, from April 22nd tj 
date, and found them correct. 

(Signed) 

Chas. Schuler, 
J. B. Levert. 
September 17th, 1904; St. Louis, Mo. 

1904. Expenditures from September I7t1i, 1904, to May 8th, 
1905, as per vouchers examined and approved by Gen'l 
J. B. Levert, special committee appointed to examine 
books and accounts of the State Commissioner : 

Music 103 00 

Expenses Louisiana Day 1,675 55 

Printing, Stationery, etc 262 75 

Buttons, Badges, etc 155 00 

Table sent Governor Francis 50 00 

Refunded to E. B. Kruttschnitt -^5 00 

Expenses at Cabildo 214 ^•;2 

Paid for Cotton 8oi 02 

Rent of Hall in New Orleans 400 00 

Expenses of Military 750 on 

Expenses of Louisiana Commission 6 v 

Travelling Expenses 26S 

Telephone "^4 00 

- Wages for Laborers 425 60 

Electric Light, Gas and Water ~ 7^y 64 






1 82 LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION, 



Freight and Express 704 ^6 

Expenses — General 627 jj 

Expenses — Alainten.ance 600 4'A 

Expenses — Removing Exhibits to New Or- 
leans 2,21^-* 13 

Salaries 5.i4t> 58 

?i5,87''^ 74 

1904 — By Receipts : 

Sept. 17th. Balance $10,615 70 

Oct. 2^. Cash, State Treasurer 5o50 00 

Nov. 15. Cash, Sale Plants 125 00 

Nov. 18. Cash, Sale Cabildo 750 00 

Dec. 31. Cash, Sale Sundries 6 50 

1905.— 

Jan. 15. Cash, Sale Sundries 13 15 

Feb. 24. Cash Sale Refund Electric 

Light 48 47 

Mar. 15. Cash, Sale Relund Gas 20 00 

Mar. 18. Cash, Sale Refund Railroad. 153 00 

April 5. Cash from J. E. Adger. ... 7 00 

$17,288 82 
To Balance May 8th, 1905 $1,410 08 

$17,288 82 

May loth. — I have examined books and vouchers of W. C. 
Stubbs, New Orleans. La., State Commissioner, and found 
them correct. J- B. Levert. 

Expenditures since ]\Iay 8th. 1903. to May 9th, 1906. as per 
vouchers in hand : 

Rent of Buildings Si, 200 00 

Salaries 1 .604 16 

Expenses of Commission 12 75 

Stationery, etc 16 80 

Janitor 360 00 

Sundry E^^penses 305 72 

$3,499 43 



LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 183 



RECEIPTS. 
1905. 

iVI ay 8th. Balance on hand 

By Cotton Sold 

Sept. 25th. By State Treasurer . . . . 



Balance on hand May 9th, 1906 $1,065 ^^ 



$1,410 08 

655 21 

2,500 00 

$4,565 29 



$4,565 29 



There was appropriated by Legislature of 1902, for Louisiana 
Purchase Exposition, $100,000.00. The following: has 
been drawn : 

Cash through Governor Heard. . . .$ 5,000 00 

Cash through Governor Heard. . . 2,000 00 

Cash through Governor Heard. . . . 5,000 00 

Cash through Governor Heard. . . . 11,950 00 

Cash through Governor Heard. . . 10,000 00 

Cash through Governor Heard. . . . 5,500 00 

Cash through Governor Heard. . .. 5,000 00 

, Cash through Governor Heard.. 10,000 00 

Cash through Governor Heard.. . . 15,000 00 

Cash through Governor Heard.. 10,000 00 

. Cash through Governor Blanchard 10,000 j . 

Cash throug-h Governor Blanchard 5,550 00 

. Cash through Governor Blanchard 2,500 00 



1903. 


Jan. 8. ( 




Apl. 24. 




Tune I. 




Sept. 8. 




Oct. 16. 




Nov. 3. 




Dec. 15. 


1904. 


Mar. 10. 


/ 


Apl. 22. 




May II. 




Aug. 30 




Oct. 27. 


1905- 


Sept. 25 



$97,500 00 

Balance in State Tieasury, May 9th, 1906 2,500 00 



$100,000 OJ 

In addition to the above the Legislature of 1904 passed Act 
No. 125, as follows : 

ACT No. 125. 

House Concurrent Resolution No. ' 
81, of 1902, creating the "Board of 



l>y Mr. Winter. 

Whereas, Act No 
Commissioners o 



the Louisiana Purchase Exposition." and 
providing for an exhibit of Louisiana"s resources at the St. 
Louis Eair, further provides that said exhibit nia\- l)c pre- 
served after the close of the Fair as an educational feature 



184 LOUISIANA AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

and means of advertising- i^ouisiana's great resources and de- 
velopment, and 

Whereas, The State Commissioner for Louisiana, in a 
communication addressed to the Governor, and by him trans- 
mitted to both Houses of the General Assembly, has advised 
the preservation of said exhibits as bein^' in the best interests 
of the State, be it 

Resolved, By the House of Representatives, the Senate 
concurring, that the Governor is given authority to arrange 
to have said exhibit returned to the State of Louisiana aftet 
the close of the St. Louis Fair, and to make such disposition 
of it, as indicated in said Act No. 81, of 1902, as may to him 
and the "Board of Commissioners of the Louisiana Purchase 
Exposition" seem to tbe best interest of the State. Be it fur- 
ther 

Resolved, That the cost of the return of said exhibit to the 
State of Louisiana shall not exceed 2,500 dollars. 

R. H. Snyder. 
Speaker of the House of Representatives. 
P. M. Lambremont, 
President pro tempore of the Senate. 
Approved, July 5, A. D. 1904. 

Newton C. Blanchard. 

Governor. 
True copy, 

J. T. Michel, 

Secretary of State. 
The follov^'ing is therefore a statement of the balances on 
hand May 9th, 1906: 

In hands of State Commissioner $1,065 ^^' 

In hands of State Treasurer of the $100,000 
appropriated Iw Act 81, Legislature of 

1902 2,500 -co 

Amount appropriated by Act 125, Legislature 

of 1904 2,500 00 

Total available $6,065 86 

Out of which must be paid the following : 

Printing of 2500 Reports of the Commission. 
Cuts and Half-Tones for same. 
Portraits of Louisiana Governors. 
Maintenance of State Museum until August 
1st, 1906. 



Index. 

Page. 
Act No. 81 of 1902, Providing for the Louisiana State Exhibit.. 17 

Act No. 125 of 1904, to return exhibits to Louisiana 162 

Agricultural exhibit, description 48-56 

Agricultural exhibit, catalogue 49-56 

Anthropology exhibit 100 

Ayres, Dr. Brown, resignation 103 

Beer, William, Contribution to liberal arts exhibit 93-98 

Behrman, Mayor M., Speech at opening of Museum 170-171 

Birds, catalogue 72-75 

Bianchard, Gov. N. C, Sketch of life of 20 

Blanchard, Gov. N. C, Speech on Louisiana Day 139-147 

Bianchard, Gov. N. C, Speech at opening of Museum 168-169 

Bradford, Mrs. Sidney L., Loan of Indian baskets 100 

Burton, W. O. & C. G., Builders of the Cabildo 31 

Cabildo, Sketch , 31 

Cabildo, Location in Exposition Grounds 31 

Cabildo ceremonies on Louisiana Day 109-151 

Cabildo, Sale of, to D. B. Dyer 164 

Cadets of the Louisiana State University, visit to Exposition 101 

Catholic Schools, exhibits 86-87 

Chouetau, Pierre V 11-13 

Chouteau, Pierre VI, Flag-raising at the Cabildo 127 

Claiborne, Charles F., Reading of address 125 

Claiborne, Gov. W. C. C, Address . . , 125-126 

Collection of the exhibits of the State 29-30 

Colored Schools exhibits 87-88 

Committee to decide the location for the returned exhibits 163 

Conservatory exhibits 60-61 

Cotton exhibit 45 

Cotton exhibit catalogue ' 46-48 

Coulon de Villiers, Chevalier, picture of 34 

De Thulstrup, T., Paintings by, in Cabildo 34 

Disposition of exhibits at close of Exposition 162-163 

Dodson, Prof. W. R., Collection of Forestry 62 

Educational Committee, report 79 

Educational exhibit 79-88 

Educational exhibit catalogue 83-88 

Entertainments by Louisiana Commission at Cabildo 104 

Estopinal, Lieutenant Gov., Albert, Speech on Louisiana Day .. .134-139 

Filhiol, Don, First wagon made in Louisiana 89 

Financial Statement of Commission 178-184 

Fireworks on Louisiana Day 148 

Fish and Game exhibit 68-75 

Fishes, catalogue ,. . . . 71 

Forestry exhibit 62-G7 

Forestry exhibit, catalogue 62-67 

Fortier, Prof. Alcee, reading of declaration by 121 

Francis, Gov. D. R., Speech on Louisiana Day 128 

Francis, Gov. D. R.. Letter concerning disposition of Louisiana 

Statue 175 

Freret, Will A., Architect of Cabildo 31. 154 

Fruit exhibit 57-59 

Garde de le Republicaine Band at Cal)ild() 150 

Glenk, Robert, Resolution of appreciation to l)y Commission.... KJiJ 

Glenk, Robert, Curator of Museum 165. 169. 173 

Governors i)resent at Cabildo on Louisiana Day 15() 

Gueydan, Henry L., Sketch of life of J2 



INDEX. 



Page. 

Heard, Gov. W. W., Sketch of life of 19 

Historical Sketch of the Louisiana Purchase 14-16 

Horticultural exhibits 57-Gl 

Installation of exhibits at Washington Artillery Hall in 1905... 165 

Jackson Square, reproduction of at World's Fair 83 

Kennedy, Myra, in charge of Liberal Arts Exhibit 103 

Kopman, H. H.. Fish and Game exhibit, description of 68, 102-103 

Lee, Major J. G., Sketch of life of 23 

Levert, General J. B., Sketch of life of 24 

Liberal Arts Exhibit 92-99 

Liberal Arts exhibit catalogue 93-99 

Literature distributed at Fair 101-102 

Louisiana delegates to the Exposition convention, 1899 11 

Louisiana's part in the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 17-25 

Louisiana at the Dedication 26 

Louisiana Day , 105-152 

Louisiana Day, Newspaper accounts 150-151 

Louisiana State University Exhibit 84 

Luncheon on Louisiana Day 147-148 

^Mammals, Catalogue , •. 75 

Maryland Steel Co., Model of Drydock 92 

Members of the Board of Commissioners to the La. Pur. Expos. . 9 

Members of Governor Blanchard's Staff at Cabildo 148-149 

JVI^ines and Metallurgy 76-78 

Mineral exhibit Catalogue , 77-78 

Museum, Opening exercises and ceremonies 165-172 

Museum, Popularity and utility to State 172-173 

Newspapers on file at Cabildo 102 

Newsham, Dan., Death of ,. . 103 

Origin of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition JI 

Pecan exhibit 57 

Perriliat, Col. Arsene, Aide on Staff of Gov. Corbin 28 

Personnel of the Louisiana exhibit 103 

Portraits of Louisiana Governors at Cabildo 34 

Prisoners "Stocks" at Cabildo 33 

Prizes awarded to Louisiana exhibits 153-161 

Proces Verbal, Louisiana Day 112 

Proces Verbal of the delivery of Louisiana in 1803 123 

Proclamation by Governor Blanchard 105-106 

Proclamation of Governor Claiborne 126-127 

Programme of Louisiana Day 108-109 

Progressive Union, unable to care for exhibits 163 

Reception to Agricultural Commissioners of the Southern States 104 

Reception to Governor and Mrs. Blanchard at Cabildo 14S 

Reception to Mayor Capdevielle and party at Cabildo 104 

Reception to the Conference of Historical Societies of Miss. Val. 104 

Reception to the Daughters of the Confederacy at Cabildo 104 

Reception to Executive Commissioners of the La. Pur. Expos... 104 

Reception to Governor Heard and Mrs. and Miss Heard 104 

Reception Committee at Cabildo on Louisiana Day 149 

Reptiles and frogs, catalogue 71 

Rice Exhibit 43 

Rice Exhibit catalogue 44-45 

Richardson, Col. J. B., Death of 152 

Rogers, Captain H. C, Custodian of the Cabildo 

Rost, Judge Emil, Resignation from Board 19 

Rost, Judge Emil, Sketch of life of 22 



INDEX. 



Page. 

Sala Capitular at Cabilcio 34 

Sanders, M. J., Speech at opening of Museum 172 

Schiller, Col. Charles, Sketch of life of 21 

Schiller, Col. Charles, Speech at opening of Museum ...167-1G8 

Soniat du Fossat, Lucien, Louisiana Day exercises, part in 118-111) 

Soule, Col. George, Speech at opening of Museum 172 

Special Sugar Exhibit, Educational Building 88 

Staff of Governor Heard at Dedication ' 26-27 

Statue symbolic of Louisiana in Collonade of States 174 

Stubbs, Dr. W. C, Refusal of resignation by Board of Commis. . 165 
Stubbs, Dr. W. C, Resolution of appreciation by Board of Com. . 165 
Stubbs, Dr. W. C, Praise of by Col. Schuler at opening of Museum 168 

Stubbs, Dr. W. C, Letter of thanks to from F. W. Taylor 177 

Sugar exhibit, Agricultural hall o7 

Sugar exhibit, catalogue 39-43 

Symbolic Statue of Louisiana, Committee on 174 

Thompson, T. P., Contribution to Liberal Arts Exhibit 92-98 

Thompson, T. P., Publication of list of Louisiana Authors 102 

Treaty of Cession of Louisiana to the United States, copy of . . . . 34 

Treaty of Paris of 1803 115-118 

Transportation exhibit 89-91 

Transportation Exhibit catalogue . . . .% , , 89-91 

Tulane University Exhibit , 83-84 

Villere, Omer, Speech on Louisiana Day 128-134 

Washington Artillery at Cabildo on Louisiana Day 150 

Washington Artillery Hall rented for Museum 163 

Wilde, Jenny, Topographic maps of Levees and of New Orleans. . 92 

Williamson, Pro. Geo., Collection of Indian relics 100 

Zacharie, Hon. J. S., Exercises on Louisiana Day 119-120, 122 

Zacharie, Hon. .1. S., Speech at opening of Museum 171 

Zacharie, Hon. J. S., Death of 152 



Index to Illustrations. 

Cabildo: Frontispiece. 

Page. 

Governor W. W. Heard i 

Governor X. C. Blanchard 5 

Louisiana Board of Commissioners 6 

Governor D. R. Francis S 

Gov. Francis. Gov. Blanchard, Adjt. Gen. Stafford lU 

Inception and Development of Louisiana Purchase Expos., plate I 12 

Louisiana State Building 32 

Plan of Louisiana Agricultural Exhibit 36 

Plan of Sugar and Rice Exhibit 38 

Special Sugar Exhibit 12 

Plan of Horticultural Exhibit 5S 

Plan of Forestry Exhibit 64 

View of Forestry Exhibit ^56 

Plan of Fish and Game Exhibit 68 

Plan of Mines exhibit 78 

Plan of Educational Exhibit 82 

Plan of Transportation Elxhibit 90 

Plan of Liberal Arts Exhibit • 94 

Plan of Anthropology Exhibit . . : 100 

Mrs. Blanchard and Governor Dockery 106 

Proces Verbal of Louisiana Day 113 

Transfer Ceremonies at Cabildo 122 

Governor Blanchard and Staff at Cabildo 114 

Will A. Freret 156 

Jud^e EizH Rost IT" 



LE ST)8 



